This study aims to describe the real threat of learning loss for underprivileged students and remote areas, due to school closures and distance learning in Riau Province, Indonesia. On the other hand, keeping students safe from the dangers of the COVID-19 virus is the main factor. Distance learning is a solution to this dilemma, but it is very difficult for underprivileged students and remote regions to implement, because: 1) Students have never used various educational technology platforms in distance learning 2) Do not have a smartphone and mobile data plans 3) Internet signal in remote areas is not good for distance learning. The results of this study describe, when distance learning was first implemented, as many as 75 % of 206 underprivileged students and ten schools experienced difficulties when using educational technology platforms for distance learning. However, after two years, there has been an increase in the participation of underprivileged students in distance learning. In addition, it has become a habit, subsidized mobile data plans from the government, adaptive curricula and variations in learning methods when distance learning, have become important factor in increasing the participation of underprivileged students and remote regions.

Abstract. This study aims to analyze the extent to which the concept of a scientific approach that is generally accepted for all subjects in the curriculum in Indonesia is be able to become a basis for scientific thinking in history learning. This research is descriptive quantitative research with a survey method that aims to obtain information about the scientific thinking abilities of students in schools. The research subjects consisted of 60 high school students in Indonesia. The data was collected through a written test in the form of a description. Data analysis techniques using Partial Credit Model (PCM) with the help of the Quest program. The findings of the study showed that students who were able to answer questions in category 3 were less than 50%. These data indicate that the scientific approach that applies in general to all subjects in the curriculum in Indonesia has not been able to become the basis for students' scientific thinking skills in history learning. Based on this, the authors recommend four skills in historical learning, namely historical literacy, historical thinking, historical consciousness, and historical reasoning to be the basis for scientific thinking in historical learning. Keywords: Scientific Approach, Scientific Thinking, Historical Literacy, Historical Thinking, Historical Consciousness, and Historical Reasoning Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sejauh mana konsep pendekatan ilmiah yang berlaku umum untuk semua mata pelajaran dalam kurikulum di Indonesia mampu menjadi landasan berpikir ilmiah dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode survey yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi gambaran tentang kemapuan berpikir ilmiah siswa di sekolah. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 60 siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas di Indonesia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes tertulis dalam bentuk uraian. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Partial Credit Model (PCM) dengan bantuan program Quest. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peserta didik yang mampu menjawab soal pada kategori 3 kurang dari 50%. Data tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa pendekatan ilmiah yang berlaku secara umum untuk semua mata pelajaran dalam kurikulum di Indonesia belum mampu menjadi landasan keterampilan berpikir ilmiah siswa dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis merekomendasikan empat keterampilan dalam pembelajaran sejarah yaitu historical literacy, historical thinking, historical consciousness, dan historical reasoning untuk menjadi landasan berpikir ilmiah dalam pembalajaran sejarah. Kata Kunci: Pendekatan Ilmiah, Berpikir Ilmiah, Historical Literacy, Historical Thinking, Historical Consciousness, dan Historical Reasoning.

The only method to develop historical significance is through artifacts from the past. The museum is one place where you can research history and discover various relics from the past. Technology developments and social mobility restrictions have made it necessary for museums to exist in a virtual form that may be explored like a real field trip. Through the use of technology known as Virtual Field Trips (VFT), this study seeks to analyze the impact and effectiveness of museums as a source of historical knowledge. A quasi-experimental approach with a single group pretest-posttest design was employed for the research. A sample of 120 students from the class XI SMA Negeri 1 Padang City, out of a total population of 346, was chosen for the study using the proportional stratified random selection method. The data analysis method employed the t-test independent sample t-test to assess the impact of the museum and the N-Gain test to assess its effectiveness. The study's findings show that the museum, as a source of knowledge of history, through the use of VFT technology, has a significant impact on class XI students at SMA Padang City's historical understanding, which is supported by a significance value (Sig.) of 0.000 > 0.05. The N-Gain test revealed a 46% increase in the learning results for students. So, it was determined that the museum was effectively employed by high school students as a source of historical knowledge with the help of Virtual Field Trip technology.

This research is important to do because (1) there is a lack of an accurate non-cognitive skill assessment tool to assess non-cognitive skills in online learning; (2) it is difficult for teachers to measure students' cognitive skills during online learning due to the limited assessment tools available; and (3) only a few instruments have been developed to measure non-cognitive skills in social science learning, particularly history learning. Based on this gap, it's critical to examine the creation of non-cognitive skills evaluation instruments, particularly for use in online history classes. We collect data through surveys and questionnaires, answering questions. The study's subjects were Jambi City Senior High School teachers, a group of 15 from five different schools. Proportional Random Sampling Strategy is the sampling technique used in this study. An observation sheet and a questionnaire sheet were utilized as research instruments in this study. The questionnaire sheet consists of a questionnaire sheet to collect data on non-cognitive skills. The results of the study were examined using descriptive statistical methods. Non-cognitive skills are critical to acquire in online learning, according to the findings of the study. According to the research, 81.67% of teachers strongly believe that non-cognitive skills have an impact on student success. Non-cognitive qualities including discipline, independence, time management, teamwork, motivation, and technological skills are identified by 84.44 % of teachers as having a significant impact on the success of online learning. According to the teacher, 93.3% strongly agreed to create an assessment instrument to test this skill. The importance of non-cognitive instrument development is evident from the preceding discussion.

Chronological thinking skills are one of the most critical goals in learning history, distinguishing it from other sciences. This skill is not a natural skill that already exists in students but is a skill that needs to be developed in students, especially in studying history. This study aims to develop an instrument for assessing chronological thinking skills with the Rasch model.  The development model adopted the Gall Borg development model by adjusting to the research objectives and needs. The adaptation of the Borg Gall model resulted in four stages in this study: (1) needs analysis and preliminary investigation, (2) planning and preparation of product development, (3) expert validation, and (4) instrument implementation. This research was conducted in Senior High School (SMA), involving 120 students from three schools. Sampling was carried out employing the proportional sampling technique. The data was collected using validation sheets, tests, and assessment sheets (scoring rubric). Data analysis was then performed with the Quest Program utilizing the Partial Credit Model (PCM). The results showed that the chronological thinking skills assessment instrument with the Rasch model was valid and reliable. The validity value of items that fit the model ranged from 0.77 to 1.30, and the instrument reliability value of 0.76 was in the high category. Therefore, it could be concluded that the assessment instrument developed can measure students' chronological thinking skills.