No abstract

Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are plant proteins believed to play an important role in the defense against plant pathogen fungals. PGIPs are glycoproteins located in plant cell wall which reduce the hydrolytic activity of polygalacturonases (PGs), limit the growth of plant pathogens, and also elicit defense responses in plant. Furthermore, PGIPs belong to the super family of leucine reach repeat (LRR) proteins which also include the products of several plant resistance genes. Many of the studies show the PGIP properties, molecular characteristics, and PGIP gene expression induced by some elicitors. Some of the studies review individual PGIP gene expression in different signal transduction pathways. This article summarizes the properties, different signal transduction mechanisms, detecting methods, transgenic plants, and function of PGIP. It also presents PGIP gene expression in different stages of maturity, tissues, and varieties. The review especially reports the particular PGIP gene expression induced by different biotic and abiotic stresses, offers some questions, and prospects the future study, which are needed in order to develop efficient strategies for disease-resistant plants. They may be useful for genetic engineering to obtain transgenic plants with increased tolerance to fungal infection, which decrease the use of insecticide.

Light-emitting diodes using metal halide perovskite (PeLEDs) exhibit a strong potential for emerging display technologies due to their unique optoelectronic characteristics. However, for blue emission PeLEDs, there remains a huge challenge to achieve high performance, an issue that has been addressed in their red and green counterparts. The community is circumventing the challenges in synthesizing stable, high-quantum-efficiency, and low-defect-density blue emitters. Here, a facile strategy that replaces Pb by adding a monovalent ion Cu + , in this case into CsPbClBr 2 perovskite, is carried out. This decreases the Pb dangling bonds and increases the radiative recombination for the enhancement of blue emission. The nanoparticles obtained by this method maintain a blue emission at 479 nm. The photoluminescence quantum yield is 2 times higher than the pristine analogue. The corresponding perovskite nanocrystal (PNC) LEDs achieve stable electroluminescence spectrum at high brightness. Simultaneously, the optimal blue PNC LEDs obtain the maximum values of luminance and external quantum efficiency of 1537 cd m −2 and 3.78%, respectively. And the device realizes typical blue light CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.098, 0.123). Our work reveals that the substitution of Pb by heterovalent ions significantly decreases nanocrystal defects, which will pave the way of perovskite LEDs for practical applications in the future.

Here we report a nanoporous (Pt1−xFex)3Al intermetallic compound exhibiting impressive electroreduction catalytic activity and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction.