Introduction Penile fracture is the rupture of the tunica of one or both corpora cavernosa due to direct blunt trauma to the erected penis. Partial or complete rupture of the urethra or injury to the deep dorsal vein may accompany penile fracture. Aim To compare conservative and surgical treatment modalities in terms of duration of hospitalization, early and late complications such as penile nodule and curvature, erectile dysfunction, and painful erection. Main Outcome Measures Treatment results and complications in two groups were evaluated with history and physical examination, and International Index of Erectile Function-5 Questionnaire was used for erectile function assessement. Methods The charts of 42 men diagnosed with penile fracture were retrospectively reviewed, and two treatment modalities were compared: conservative (Group I) and surgical (Group II). Results Between 1991 and 2008, a total of 42 patients with penile fracture were followed in our clinic for a mean of 18 months (range: 6–30 months). Five men who refused surgical treatment were treated conservatively, and the other 37 patients underwent surgical treatment. In Group II, the most common complication was painful erection (in 4 of 37 patients, 10.8 %), whereas in Group I, 80 % (4/5 patients) suffered complications such as wound infection, painful erection, penile nodule and curvature, and erectile dysfunction. Conclusion Diagnosis of penile fracture can be based on history and physical examination; diagnostic tests such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are generally not required. Fractures must be repaired either immediately or delayed. Because management with emergency surgical repair is the most effective approach, with the lowest complication rate, surgical treatment should be preferred compared to a conservative approach.

For treatment of pregnant women with symptomatic ureteral stones in every location, Holmium laser lithotripsy with a semirigid ureteroscopy can be used as judicious treatment. This approach is effective and safe with an acceptable complication rate.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is one of the hormones secreted from adrenal glands, and in some studies it has been shown that DHEA has antioxidant properties. This experimental study was designed to determine the effect of DHEA on I/R-induced oxidative stress in rabbit kidney. Twenty-one rabbits were divided into three groups. Rabbits were subjected to 60 min of left renal pedicle occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion. DHEA (50 mg/kg) (I/R + DHEA group) or equal volume of vehicle (I/R group) was administered 3 h prior to ischemia. The control group received only laparotomy without I/R, DHEA or vehicle. At the end of the reperfusion periods, rabbits were decapitated. Renal tissues were taken for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities as antioxidant enzymes. In the I/R group, while renal SOD and CAT activities were significantly lower, MDA levels were significantly higher than in the I/R + DHEA group and controls. In the I/R + DHEA group, enzyme activities and MDA levels were similar to the controls. There was no significant difference in terms of renal GPX activity among the groups. DHEA may have a beneficial effect on renal tissue against oxidative damage due to I/R by preventing decreases in some antioxidant enzyme activities.

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