Evaluations of genetic diversity in domestic livestock populations are necessary to implement region-specific conservation measures. We determined the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among eight geographically and phenotypically diverse cattle breeds indigenous to west-central India by genotyping these animals for 22 microsatellite loci. A total of 326 alleles were detected, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.614 (Kenkatha) to 0.701 (Dangi). The mean number of alleles among the cattle breeds ranged from 7.182 (Khillar) to 9.409 (Gaolao). There were abundant genetic variations displayed within breeds, and the genetic differentiation was also high between the Indian cattle breeds, which displayed 15.9% of the total genetic differentiation among the different breeds. The genetic differentiation (pairwise FST ) among the eight Indian breeds varied from 0.0126 for the Kankrej-Malvi pair to 0.2667 for Khillar-Kenkatha pair. The phylogeny, principal components analysis, and structure analysis further supported close grouping of Kankrej, Malvi, Nimari and Gir; Gaolao and Kenkatha, whereas Dangi and Khillar remained at distance from other breeds.

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The present study was undertaken in Holstein-Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle with the objective to find out genotype of HF crossbred cattle for Bovine LeucocyteAdhesion Deficiency (BLAD) by using PCR-RFLP.

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The analysis of genetic variability at αs1-casein gene in 112 Indian dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) was carried out. The 930 bp fragment of exon 5 of αs1 casein gene was successfully amplified by PCR. The nucleotide substitution at g.942G>T SNP (GenBank ID: JF429140) was detected by PCR-RFLP using SmlI restriction enzyme and verified by sequencing. The GT genotype was not observed in Bikaneri and Kachchhi camels but was observed in Jaisalmeri and Mewari camels at the frequency of 0.143 and 0.071, respectively. Though, the frequency of GT genotype was quite low but still it was enough to document the dynamic nature of the locus g.942G>T SNP in Indian dromedary. Due to the existence of full agreement between genotyping by PCR-RFLP and Isoelectric Focusing at αs1-casein, as envisaged by earlier researchers, the existence of two protein patterns corresponding to αs1-casein alleles, A and C at the same frequency values in the Indian dromedary breeds may also be inferred from the present study. Hence, this DNA based test can be used for typing camel αs1-casein gene variability in Indian dromedary.