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Biomaterials are in use for the replacement and reconstruction of several tissues and organs as treatment and enhancement. Metallic, organic, and composites are some of the common materials currently in practice. Metallic materials contribute a big share of their mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion properties, while organic polymeric materials stand high due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and natural availability. To enhance the biocompatibility of these metals and alloys, coatings are frequently applied. Organic polymeric materials and ceramics are extensively utilized for this purpose due to their outstanding characteristics of biocompatibility and biodegradability. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the material from the ceramic class which is an ultimate candidate for coating on these metals for biomedical applications. HAp possesses similar chemical and structural characteristics to normal human bone. Due to the bioactivity and biocompatibility of HAp, it is used for bone implants for regenerating bone tissues. This review covers an extensive study of the development of HAp coatings specifically for the orthopaedic applications that include different coating techniques and the process parameters of these coating techniques. Additionally, the future direction and challenges have been also discussed briefly in this review, including the coating of HAp in combination with other calcium magnesium phosphates that occur naturally in human bone.

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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the raw granite rocks acquired from deposits in the Hunza district, Gilgit area of Pakistan were studied using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-TOF-MS). The optical emission spectra of the granite rocks used in artificial jewelry and for flooring tiles show the emission lines of (Si, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Al, Na, and Li) and (Si, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Al, Ti, Na, Ba, and Li), respectively. The mass spectra of these granite rocks were also studied with the LA-TOF-MS, revealing analogous elemental compositions. The results obtained using LIBS and LA-TOF-MS for the raw granite samples display their ability as powerful and complementary tools for the compositional analysis of the geological samples.