This investigation was carried out with the objective to study the effect of antioxidant semen additive ascorbic acid on cryopreservation of semen. Semen samples (n=10) from mature cattle bull stationed at Frozen semen laboratory, U.T. of Jammu & Kashmir, Hukkal, Jammu, were used to evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid additive at post-dilution and at post thaw stage. The semen sample was extended with Tris-Egg-Yolk-Citric-acid-Fructose-Glycerol (TEYCAFG) extender and were split into two groups: Group 1: TEYCAFG without any additive/ control and group 2: TEYCAFG + Ascorbic acid (5mM). Progressive motility, live spermatozoa, acrosomal integrity, sperm abnormality, hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) was evaluated at both post-dilution and post-thaw stage. Whereas, oxidative stress tests viz. malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated at only post-thawed stage. Group 2 i.e. ascorbic acid group, showed significant (p<0.05) increased live spermatozoa, acrosomal integrity and HOST positive spermatozoa, while significant (p<0.05) decreased sperm abnormalities in post-thawed semen. In oxidative stress evaluation the MDA level was significantly (p<0.05) decreased, whereas, SOD levels significantly (p<0.05) increased in group 2 in comparison to control group. It was concluded that addition of ascorbic acid (5 mM) as semen additive improves semen quality and minimize oxidative stress to the spermatozoa during cryopreservation of semen.

BACKGROUND Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are associated with various undesirable effects. The more common response to airway manipulation is hypertension (HTN) and tachycardia mediated by the cardioaccelerator nerves and sympathetic chain ganglia. Numerous efforts have been made by anaesthesiologists to obtund these untoward reflexes by the use of various measures such as by using drugs or by using different methods of intubation. MATERIALS AND METHODS100 patients of either sex of ASA grade I and II and Mallampati grade I and II of age 18 -60 years were included in the study. Patients < 18 years of age and > 60 years of age and Mallampati grade III and IV were excluded from the study. A standard anaesthesia technique was used in all the patients. Both groups were matched demographically. Haemodynamic variables at baseline were also comparable.

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Study was conducted on 60 patients of both sexes taken for various surgical procedures taking from 30 to 90 minutes at Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior. We found that none of the children in the 0.75 mg/kg dose group cried compared with 4 children (20%) in the c group and one child (5%) in the 0. 5 mg/kg dose group. The percentage of children who appeared uncomfortable (study recorded that they were crying or complaining) were the highest in the control dose group (45%).  Only 25% of the children in the 0.5 mg/kg dose group and 10% of the children in the 0.75 mg/kg dose group appeared uncomfortable.  Thus more children were comfortable (study recorded they were sleepy or quite but awake) in the 0.75 mg/kg dose group (90%) compared with the 0. 5 mg/kg dose group (75%) and the control group (55%). This difference was statistically significant between the control group and the group that received the 0.75mg/kg dose. The number of children who had desirable sedation was similar in the 0.75 mg/kg dose groups. Induction of general anaesthesia was poor for 25% the children in the group that received the 0.5 mg/kg dose. Keywords: Efficacy, Midazolam, Sedation & Anaesthesia.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of conventional straw vitrification with open pulled straw vitrification in terms of cryosurvivability and damages caused to the oocytes. Two hundred immature goat cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were vitrified in a solution of ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and sucrose using either conventional straws (100 COCs) or open pulled straws (100 COCs). The COCs were warmed and observed for morphological damages and viability after 7 days of preservation in liquid nitrogen. Among the 100 COCs cryopreserved in each case, only 83 COCs were recovered after warming in conventional straw vitrification as compared to 94 COCs in open pulled straw vitrification. In terms of morphological survivability, the percentage of morphologically normal oocytes was greater (P < 0.01) in the case of open pulled straw vitrification (86.2%) as compared to conventional straw vitrification (59.0%). Viability percentage of live oocytes was greater (P < 0.01) in the case of open pulled straw vitrification (90.4%) as compared to conventional straw vitrification (66.3%). The results indicate that open pulled straw vitrification is better than conventional straw vitrification for rapid freezing of immature goat COCs in terms of both morphological survival and viability.