Spasticity treatment is one of the key aspects of the contemporary cerebral palsy (CP) rehabilitation that influences on the effectiveness of other methods. The paper presents the first Russian document that unites the recommendations for the BTA treatment of CP and could be used as the guideline for the multilevel injections. The Russian consensus on the multilevel botulinum toxin A (BTA) treatment of spastic CP is based on the international data and the results of national studies. The authors describe typical CP spasticity patterns in the upper and lower extremities, give recommended intervals for the BTA (Abobotulinum toxin A) dosages for the whole injection procedure and for the separate muscles. The method of dosage calculation for functional segments is also described. Attention is paid to the frequency, optimal intervals between the repeated injections and the whole duration of BTA treatment. The authors discuss effectiveness and safety of BTA, factors that potentially influence the results of the injections, including ultrasound and electromyography control, and indications for the continuation and termination of treatment.
В статье представлен обзор современных тенденций в подходе к методам лечения пациентов с синдромом короткой кишки, в том числе рассмотрены примеры больных детского возраста, состоящих на учете в службе паллиативной помощи детям Тюменской области. Синдром короткой кишки представляет собой крайне редко встречающуюся нозологическую единицу в практике клинициста, и, как правило, пациенты с таким диагнозом нуждаются в организации мультидисциплинарного подхода к лечению, так как оно требует привлечения специалистов различного профиля, таких как педиатр, хирург, гастроэнтеролог, реаниматолог, специалист по клиническому питанию/нутрициолог, психолог, процедурная сестра, а также родителей/законных представителей. Чаще всего проявлениями заболевания являются симптомы мальабсорбции: демпинг-синдром, прогрессирующая потеря массы тела, дефицит макро- и микронутриентов, задержка роста и развития всех органов и систем, проявления диспепсии и боли в животе. Обращает на себя внимание, что количество и интенсивность симптомов значительно варьируют среди пациентов, это может зависеть от ряда факторов (уровень и объем резекции, остаточная длина и функциональная сохранность резидуального сегмента, наличие стомы/стом либо восстановленная кишечная трубка, сопутствующие заболевания и возможные пороки развития). Традиционная тактика лечения таких пациентов предполагает необходимость пожизненного парентерального питания или, в качестве вынужденной меры, трансплантацию кишечника. Реабилитационные мероприятия у детей с синдромом короткой кишки должны учитывать требования коррекции нарушенного всасывания и восстановления нормального трофического статуса; купирование диареи, профилактику и лечение дисбактериоза; контроль и коррекцию общих дигестивных нарушений, а также коморбидных состояний. Основную настороженность в тактике ведения пациентов с синдромом короткой кишки вызывает потребность в длительном постоянном парентеральном питании, что влечет за собой ряд жизнеугрожающих рисков, включая катетер-ассоциированные состояния (сепсис и тромбоз, что, помимо агрессивного лечения, требует периодической замены центрального венозного доступа и грозит его полной потерей), холестаз с исходом в цирроз, атрофию слизистой остаточной кишки, нарушение метаболизма D-лактата (риском D-лактатацидоза и образованием оксалатных камней в почках), а также, особенно при отсутствии в исходе резекции баугиниевой заслонки, появление синдрома избыточного бактериального роста, сопровождающегося опасностью транслокации кишечной флоры в собственную пластику и последующим кишечно-ассоциированным сепсисом. После анализа публикаций и оценки опыта работы с детьми с синдромом короткой кишки в Тюменской области мы установили, что аналог глюкагон-подобного пептида 2 – тедуглутид – дает возможность снизить объем парентерального питания, время инфузий, а также добиться полного перехода на энтеральную автономию. Метод лечения тедуглутидом наиболее перспективен для больных данной категории, так как снижает риски, связанные с парентеральным питанием, и улучшает прогноз дальнейшей жизни. The article presents an overview of current trends in the approach to the treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome, including examples of children's patients registered in the palliative care service for children of the Tyumen region. Short bowel syndrome is an extremely rare nosological unit in the practice of a clinician and, as a rule, patients with such a diagnosis need to organize a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, since it requires the involvement of specialists of various profiles, such as: pediatrician, surgeon, gastroenterologist, resuscitator, clinical nutrition specialist / nutritionist, psychologist, procedural nurse, as well as parents/legal representatives. The most common manifestations of the disease are symptoms of malabsorption: dumping syndrome, progressive loss of body weight, deficiency of macro- and micronutrients, stunting of growth and development of all organs and systems, other manifestations of dyspepsia and abdominal pain. Attention is drawn to the fact that the number and intensity of symptoms varies significantly among patients, which may depend on a number of factors (the level and volume of resection, residual length, functional safety of the residual segment, the presence of a stoma / stoma, or a restored intestinal tube, concomitant diseases and possible malformations). The traditional tactics of treating such patients include the need for lifelong parenteral nutrition or, as a forced measure, intestinal transplantation. Rehabilitation measures in children with short bowel syndrome should take into account the requirements of correction of impaired absorption and restoration of normal trophic status; relief of diarrhea, prevention and treatment of dysbiosis; control and correction of general digestive disorders, as well as comorbid conditions. The main alertness in the tactics of managing patients with short bowel syndrome is caused by the need for long-term constant parenteral nutrition, which entails a number of life-threatening risks, such as: catheter-associated conditions (sepsis and thrombosis, which, in addition to aggressive treatment, requires periodic replacement of the central venous access and threatens its complete loss), cholestasis with the outcome of cirrhosis, atrophy of the residual intestinal mucosa, impaired metabolism of D-lactate (with the risk of D-lactate acidosis and oxalates (with the formation of oxalate kidney stones), and also, especially in the absence of resection of the bauginia flap in the outcome, the appearance of excessive bacterial growth syndrome, accompanied by the danger of translocation of intestinal flora into its own plastic and subsequent intestinal-associated sepsis). After analyzing publications and evaluating the experience of working with children with short bowel syndrome in the Tyumen region, we found that the analogue of glucagon-like peptide 2 – teduglutide – makes it possible to reduce the volume of parenteral nutrition, infusion time, and also achieve a complete transition to enteral autonomy. The method of treatment with teduglutide is the most promising for patients of this category, as it reduces the risks associated with parenteral nutrition and improves the prognosis of later life.
Introduction. Movement disorders are one of the most common complaints of patients with cerebral palsy. The attending physician needs to evaluate the motor activity of patients after treatment. The Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) is a clinically feasible tool to quantify changes after SEMLS in children with cerebral palsy.Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effect of simultaneous multilevel operations in combination with early rehabilitation treatment on the functional mobility of children with cerebral palsy in comparison with standard surgery.Materials and methods. The criterion for inclusion in the study was age at the time of examination less than 18 years, spastic cerebral palsy, surgical treatment due to orthopedic complications of cerebral palsy in two groups: after SEMLS and standard surgery. All subjects were assessed motor activity on the FMS scale.Results. The analysis performed showed no statistically significant changes in the assessment of functional mobility at a distance of 5 meters after surgical treatment in both study groups (p = 0.143; p = 0.083). A statistically significant improvement in functional mobility according to the FMS scale was found in children after simultaneous multilevel operations at distances of 50 and 500 meters (p = 0.025; p < 0.001). No statistically significant changes were noted after standard operating procedures were carried out at distances of 50 and 500 meters (p = 0,063; p = 0,058).Conclusion. In children with cerebral palsy after simultaneous multilevel operations in combination with a complex of rehabilitation measures, the level of functional mobility improves. The use of the functional mobility scale allows the attending physician to objectify the dynamics of the motor function of patients with cerebral palsy after surgical treatment.
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