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Cerebral infantile paralysis (CIP) is the main neurologic reason of children's disability all over the world. A competent choice of time and methods of rehabilitation allows social adaptation of children with this pathology and improves their motor and mental development prognosis. The article gives modern data on the neuronal plasticity, spare capacities of the developing brain, pathophysiological aspects of restoration and compensation of damaged structures of central nervous system. The emphasis is put on the consideration of neuroplasticity mechanisms from the point of view of their clinical relevance and role in the formation of pathological and compensatory patterns of movement and perception at CIP. Variants of restoration of motor and sensory functions in upper extremities of children with CIP based on the time and topics of brain damage are analyzed in detail. Approaches to pathogenetically grounded choice of methods and time of rehabilitation are discussed on the basis of the given data on spare capabilities of children's nervous system with the emphasis on restoration of upper extremities' function as one of the most complicated, although prospective, aspects of CIP treatment.

Clinical Experience of the Repeated Multilevel Injections of the Botulinum Toxin Type A (Abobotulinum toxin A) in the Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy Objective: Our aim was to analyze the dosages of Abobotulinum toxin A used for each muscle in the clinically effective and safe repeated multilevel injections in CP children, and the intervals between injections. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 229 injection sessions into 359 muscles of the upper and 361 muscles of the lower extremities in 133 children (2-18 years) with spastic CP. Analysis included only patients who were injected for the first time and demonstrated decrease of spasticity in injected muscles according to modified Ashworth and/or Tardieu scales without significant side effects 2-4 weeks after injections.

Spasticity treatment is one of the key aspects of the contemporary cerebral palsy (CP) rehabilitation that influences on the effectiveness of other methods. The paper presents the first Russian document that unites the recommendations for the BTA treatment of CP and could be used as the guideline for the multilevel injections. The Russian consensus on the multilevel botulinum toxin A (BTA) treatment of spastic CP is based on the international data and the results of national studies. The authors describe typical CP spasticity patterns in the upper and lower extremities, give recommended intervals for the BTA (Abobotulinum toxin A) dosages for the whole injection procedure and for the separate muscles. The method of dosage calculation for functional segments is also described. Attention is paid to the frequency, optimal intervals between the repeated injections and the whole duration of BTA treatment. The authors discuss effectiveness and safety of BTA, factors that potentially influence the results of the injections, including ultrasound and electromyography control, and indications for the continuation and termination of treatment.

Background: Diffusion tensor tractography -a new method of magnetic resonance imaging, that allows to visualize the pathways of the brain and