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Currently, numerous studies have shown that carbon nanofibres have mechanical properties that are replaced by other widely used fibres. The high tensile strength of the carbon fibres makes them ideal to use in polymer matrix composites. The high-strength fibres can be used in short form in a composite and mass-produced to meet the high demands of automotive applications. These composites are capable of addressing the strength requirement of nonstructural and structural components of the automotive industry. Due to these composite lightweight and high-strength weight ratios, the applications can be widely varying. The research for these materials is a never-ending process, as researchers and design engineers are yet to tap its full potential. This study fabricated phenolic resin with different wt% of carbon nanofibre (CNF). The percentage of the CNF as a filler material is varied from 1 to 4 wt%. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and XRD were investigated. Phenolic resin with 4 wt% of carbon nanofibre (CNF) exhibits maximum tensile strength and hardness of 43.8 MPa and 37.8 HV.

Additive manufacturing is an emerging technique for manufacturing 3-D objects from the design of the component. Lattice structures are incorporated in metal and polymeric materials and find various applications in aerospace, marine, and other engineering fields. The present research work concentrates on incorporating hexagonal-shaped lattice structures through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The optimization was carried out by varying the printing process parameters such as infill density (80%, 90%, and 100%), layer thickness (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.3 mm), and printing temperature (195°C, 205°C, and 215°C). The impact of printing parameters with respect to the quality characteristics responses such as tensile strength/density and dimensional area error can be considered for the optimization process. The samples are prepared using an L9 orthogonal array, and the process condition was optimized using the Taguchi optimization technique. The tensile strength/density is observed to be higher at a lower infill density of about 80%, a minimum layer height of 0.1 mm, and a maximum extrusion temperature of 215°C. From the ANOVA analysis results, the influential parameters sequence for the tensile strength/density was infill density > layer thickness > printing temperature. And the sequence of effective parameters for obtaining the lowest dimensional area error was infill density > printing temperature > layer thickness. Therefore, this research has found the application for incorporating hexagonal-shaped lattice structure in the PLA material. The material is capable of structural applications in automotive and marine applications, etc.