Aim: The current study involved carrying out adaptive evolution to inculcate tolerance to hydrolysate-derived aldehyde-based inhibitors, furfural, vanillin, syringaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HB) for the valorization of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Methodology: The growth-inhibitory effects of the aforementioned inhibitors on E. coli MG1655 were investigated. The percentage of inhibition was calculated from the initial growth, followed by extrapolating the IC50 values for each inhibitor. Based on these findings, adaptation experiments were conducted for individual inhibitors at a concentration lesser than or closer to IC50. Results: The specific growth rate of cells was lowered by 2.2-, 3-, 1.3- and 5- fold when grown in the presence of furfural, vanillin, syringaldehyde and 4- hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HB), respectively. The adapted strains which were grown in the presence of furfural (9mM), vanillin (9mM), syringaldehyde (8mM) and 4- HB (6mM) individually showed around 1.5 -2.5- fold increase in the specific growth rate as compared to the wild-type with decreased lag phases and increased final cell densities. Interpretation: The strains, subjected to adaptive evolution, resulted in increased tolerance to single inhibitors and these will further be sequentially adapted to other three inhibitors for their utilization in the valorization of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass.

Microbes are associated inside and outside tissue parts of producers like plants, lichen, algae and phototrophic bacteria. Biofertilizer bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa provide the suitable environment condition, nutrition constituents and inhibit harmful microorganism from rhizosphere zone. Biofertilizer and biocontrol microbes play key roles for improved soil texture, secreting, hormones, antibiotics and various stress signal compounds, enhancement plant parts elongation and prevent pathogen microbial population. Plant growth promotion rhizosphere microorganisms can improve crop tolerance for the non- living stresses such as drought, heat and salinity and living stress such as soil borne pathogens, over load of the microbial population liable to turn out to be more incessant as various atmosphere design keep on creating. Plant disease major issue for loss of productivity and unsafe for living organism due to chemical pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides and chemical fertilizer. Due to its high potential as an alternative/complement to these pesticides, biological disease control is now generally recognized and constitutes a low cost-efficient eco-friendly biofertilizer, biocontrol, biopesticide and bioinsecticide.

The main objective is to find the alternate substrate for the cheaper production of bioethanol so that even the common people can also produce bioethanol. The bioethanol can be produced by employing waste fruit pulp utilized by micro-organism like S.cerevisiae and C.albicans. They are the most prominent organisms for bioethanol production. The waste fruit pulp was subjected to fruit juice extraction and the reducing sugar concentration was estimated by DNSA method. Fermentation was allowed to carried out using fruit juice extract as substrate using S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. The reducing sugar concentration was decreased gradually in the mixed fruit juices confirming the production of ethanol and ethanol concentration was determined using potassium dichromate method. The residence time was noted to be 6.4 minutes for the ethanol produced by Candida albicans by using HPLC and 6.2 minutes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yield of bioethanol by C. albicans was found to be 84% which was higher than that produced by S. cerevisiae (81%).