Restrictions to gene flow among molecular forms of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto reveal an ongoing speciation process affecting the epidemiology of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.
Background: Malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of São Tomé and Príncipe. This may be due to differences in the biology of local Anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. Survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. Anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. Newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of becoming infected. The reasons for multiple feeding are not clearly understood and it is still uncertain whether the behaviour is facultative or obligatory. We, therefore, determined survival and sporozoite rates, and examined the behaviour of An. gambiae from the two islands during their first gonotrophic cycle.
Morphological analysis of phallosome and multilocus electrophoresis were used to characterize populations of the Culex pipiens L. complex from Madagascar. Samples phenotypically and genetically corresponding to Cx. p. quinquefasciatus Say were found on the east and west coasts, whereas, on the high plateau, 1 sample was composed mostly of phenotypical Cx. p. pipiens L., genetically introgressed with quinquefasciatus at some loci (Hbdh, Aat-2, and Hk-1). A hybrid zone between the 2 taxa was detected on the plateau on a genetic basis, whereas at the morphological level a predominance of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus specimens and deficit of intermediates was observed. Accordingly, morphological analysis failed to describe satisfactorily the hybridization phenomena. Despite the high level of gene exchange, a complete mixing of the 2 gene pools apparently does not occur, possibly because of differential selective pressures in the climatically heterogeneous environment of the Madagascar plateau.
RÉSUMÉ. L'analyse cytogénétique du complexe Anopheles gambiae effectuée pendant quatre années consécutives dans les environs de Bobo-Dioulasso confirme que cette région est une zone de sympatrie entre An. arabiensis et An. gambiae. Sur près de 3 000 femelles semi-gravides aucun hybride n'a été observé. An. gambiae représente environ 90 % des effectifs du complexe et An. ara biensis, 10 %. Sur le plan cytogénétique, la structure de ces deux espèces se caractérise par un important polymorphisme. Cinq inversions chromosomiques paracentriques ont été recensées chez An. arabiensis et six chez An. gambiae. De l'association de ces inversions et de leurs fréquences on peut déduire, sur le plan génétique, que :-An. arabiensis se présente comme une seule population où les croisements sont aléatoires.-An. gambiae est composé de deux populations partiellement isolées sur le plan reproductif. Chaque population correspond à une forme chromosomique. La forme Mopti est caractérisée par les arrangements 2Rbc et 2Ru ; la forme Savane par 2Rb.Presque tous les individus (96 %) de l'espèce An. gambiae appartiennent à une de ces deux formes chromosomiques. Les autres (4 %) peuvent être interprétés comme des hybrides ou recom binants entre les deux formes sauf quelques cas non classés.Les deux formes coexistent dans la plupart des localités prospectées sauf dans la zone rizicole de la Vallée du Kou où An. gambiae Mopti est présent seul ou presque. Cette zone de riziculture irriguée, écologiquement très différente de la savane alentour, permet localement le maintien de populations d'An. gambiae et d'An. arabiensis chromosomiquement différenciées de celles des populations de savane.Dans le cas d'Anopheles gambiae la forme chromosomique Mopti domine dans les zones à gîtes larvaires productifs en saison des pluies comme en saison sèche, tandis que la forme Savane prend l'avantage là où les gîtes sont temporaires et limités à la saison des pluies. SUMMARY. Cytogenetic investigations were carried out on the Anopheles gambiae complex during four consecutive years in the area of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). An. gambiae and An. arabiensis are confirmed to be sympatric in this zone. Out of 3,000 half-gravid females exami ned no hybrid was observed. This confirms the genetic isolation of the two sibling species. MotsAnopheles gambiae represents about 90 % of the specimens collected and An. arabiensis 10 %. The cytogenetic analysis reveals that both species are characterized by a high level of chromosomal polymorphism. Five paracentric inversions were recorded in An. arabiensis and six in An. gambiae. The study of the associations of these inversions and of their frequencies shows that: i) An. arabiensis appears as a single population whose individuals are crossing at random; ii) An. gambiae includes two populations showing partial reproductive isolation.Each of the two Anopheles gambiae populations can be referred to a chromosomal form. The form Mopti is characterized by arrangements 2Rbc, 2Ru; the form Savanna by 2Rb. The arrangement 2La is n...
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