Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system which plagues approximately 17 million people nationwide. Each year over 700,000 new cases are diagnosed; 12,000 to 14,000 of which are children, teenagers and young adults, while this life threatening disease can be controlled. Diabetes is often accompanied by serious complications, and still today there is no cure. 1 Foot ulceration and infection in diabetic patients is one of the major causes of morbidity, hospitalization and foot amputation. 2 This complication accounts for approximately 20% of hospital admissions in diabetic patients. 3 Diabetic foot infections include cellulitis, abscess, necrotizing fasciitis, septic arthritis, tendonitis and osteomyelitis. 4 Infections are often polymicrobial, Multi drug resistant and associated with inadequate glycemic control. There is a need for continuous surveillance of resistant bacteria to provide the basis for empirical therapy and reduce the risk of complications. Aims and objectives  To isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens associated with Diabetic foot infections.  To find out its antibiotic susceptibility pattern.

Aims and Objective: Early diagnosis of smear negative tuberculosis is a significant challenge in control of tuberculosis. The present retrospective study was done on sputum and BAL samples of the same patients for better diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Material and Methods: A total of 1000 (700 sputum and 300 BAL) specimens were processed to rule out tuberculosis in suspected cases during the period of August 2015 to March 2018. The result of sputum as well as BAL specimens from 300 same patients were examined for ZN staining and GeneXpert tests. The samples of sputum and BAL were processed as per the standard guidelines. Results: Total of 1000 specimens (700 sputum & 300 BAL) were considered for the results. Out of 1000 specimens 300 patients had submitted both sputum as well as BAL specimens. These 300 specimens were analyzed for comparative results. Out of 300 common samples, 109 (36.3%) sputum and 136 (45%) BAL samples are positive by ZN stain. Whereas, Out of 300 common samples, 149 (49.6%) sputum and 170 (56.6%) BAL samples are positive by GeneXpert method. Out of 149 common specimens that were positive by GeneXpert, 5(3.3%) were found to be Rifampicin resistant. Conclusion:Incidence of MDR TB is 3.3% in our hospital. BAL was found to be superior specimen to sputum for the diagnosis of ZN smears negative pulmonary TB. Sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert is higher than AFB smear microscopy.

Hydatidosis is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Dog Tape-worm). India is endemic for hydatid disease. The lung is the second most frequently affected organ by hydatid cysts after the liver. Hydatid cysts are mostly seen in the right lower lobe of the lung. We report an unusual presentation of ruptured pulmonary hydatid cyst as empyema and haemothorax in a 24-year-old boy who presented with dyspnoea on exertion with right-sided chest pain. Pleural fluid was suggestive of empyema. The pleural fluid examination revealed plenty of neutrophils and the presence of hooklets of hydatid cyst. Ruptured hydatid cyst is clinically and radiologically confused with many diseases, especially lung cancer. Surgical removal of hydatid cyst is accepted as primary treatment. Thoracotomy was done to excise hydatid cyst. Albendazole was given post-surgery. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 6 with good respiratory capacity. During two months follow up the patient remained asymptomatic.