Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, but currently it represents only 0.15% of the vegetable oil produced in the world. Castor oil is of continuing importance to the global specialty chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor also has tremendous future potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg−1), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg−1 of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250–2500 L ha−1), and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. The scientific literature on castor has been generated by a relatively small global community of researchers over the past century. Much of this work was published in dozens of languages in journals that are not easily accessible to the scientific community. This review was conducted to provide a compilation of the most relevant historic research information and define the tremendous future potential of castor. The article was prepared by a group of 22 scientists from 16 institutions and eight countries. Topics discussed in this review include: (i) germplasm, genetics, breeding, biotic stresses, genome sequencing, and biotechnology; (ii) agronomic production practices, diseases, and abiotic stresses; (iii) management and reduction of toxins for the use of castor meal as both an animal feed and an organic fertilizer; (iv) future industrial uses of castor including renewable fuels; (v) world production, consumption, and prices; and (vi) potential and challenges for increased castor production.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o componente da interação genótipos x ambientes e avaliar seus reflexos no progresso genético com diferentes critérios de seleção de linhagens de trigo adaptadas às condições do Brasil Central. Foram avaliadas 240 famílias F 2:4 oriundas de oito populações segregantes de trigo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em campo, com semeaduras realizadas no verão e no inverno, em 2004. Foi utilizado o delineamento em látice com duas repetições. Avaliaram-se os caracteres espigamento, altura de planta, massa do grão e produtividade de grãos. Realizou-se a decomposição da interação genótipos x ambientes e foram estimados os ganhos com a seleção nos dois ambientes. O grau de tolerância ao calor foi determinado com base em dois índices. A porcentagem da interação de natureza complexa foi maior do que a simples, e ganhos com seleção indireta, em um ambiente, não foram eficientes, principalmente quanto à produtividade de grãos. Apesar da interação genótipos x ambientes, o uso do índice de tolerância ao calor com base na regressão permite detectar genótipos produtivos sob condição de estresse de calor, pela melhoria da adaptabilidade dos genótipos a esse ambiente, sem alterar o comportamento desses genótipos em condições favoráveis.Termos para indexação: Triticum aestivum, ganho genético, critério de seleção, adaptabilidade. Genotypes and environments interaction and its implication in gain with wheat selectionAbstract -The objective of this work was to quantify the component of the genotypes x environments interaction, as well as to evaluate its reflexes on the genetic progress with different selection criteria for those wheat lines adapted to the Brazilian midland conditions. Two hundred and forty F 2:4 families descending from eight segregant populations of wheat were evaluated. Experiments were conducted under field conditions, and sowings were accomplished in the summer and winter, 2004. The lattice design was used with two replicates. The following characters were evaluated: earing, plant height, grain weight, and grain yield. Decomposition of the genotypes x environments interaction was performed, and the gains with selection in both environments were estimated. The determination of the tolerance level to the heat was based on two indexes. The percentage of the complexnature interaction was higher than the simple one, whereas the gains with indirect selection in an environment were not efficient, mainly for grain yield. Although the genotypes x environments interaction, use of the tolerance index to the heat based on regression allows detecting the productive genotypes under heat stress by the improvement of the genotype adaptability to this environment, without changing these genotypes' behavior under favorable conditions.
ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to identify physiological traits that could distinguish between cotton genotypes that were tolerant or sensitive to water deficits. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design through a factorial combination to analyze four genotypes (BRS 187 8H and ACALA SJ-4 -water deficit tolerant; CNPA 7H and SU-0450/8909 -water deficit sensitive) and two water regimes (watered/always irrigated and stressed/with a water deficit imposed at flowering). Irrigation was suspended for the plants in the water deficit treatment groups when their first flowers appeared. Leaf water potential (ψpd) was monitored until the plants reached -3.0 MPa predawn, at which point leaf samples were collected for analysis. The plants were reirrigated and monitored for a recovery to 50% of leaf water potential. The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll content (SPAD index), relative water content (RWC), disruption of the cell membrane via membrane leakage, carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C), seed cotton yield and fiber quality were evaluated. The trends in membrane leakage and carbon isotope composition were different between the tolerant and sensitive genotypes under a water deficit, which makes these physiological traits suitable for screening for tolerance to water deficits in cotton.Keywords: abiotic stress, Gossypium, water deficit.RESUMO. Traços fisiológicos para fenotipagem de algodoeiro sob seca. Objetivou-se identificar variáveis fisiológicas para distinguir genótipos de algodoeiro tolerantes e sensíveis ao déficit hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial, sendo testados quatro genótipos (BRS 187 8H e ACALA SJ-4 -tolerante ao déficit hídrico; CNPA 7H e SU-0450/8909 -sensíveis ao déficit hídrico) e dois regimes hídricos (controle -sempre irrigado e com déficit hídrico imposto na emissão da primeira flor. Na emissão da primeira flor, a irrigação foi suspensa para o grupo a ser submetido ao déficit hídrico. O potencial hídrico foliar foi monitorado na antemanhã até que as plantas dos cultivares em estudo atingissem -3,0 MPa, ponto no qual coletaram-se amostras foliares para análises fisiológicas. Após, irrigou-se as plantas até a obtenção de valor superior a 50% do potencial hídrico foliar (-1,50 MPa). Avaliaram-se a eficiência fotoquímica máxima (Fv/Fm), o conteúdo de clorofila via índice SPAD, o conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), o extravasamento de eletrólitos, a composição isotópica do carbono (δ 13 C), o rendimento de algodão em caroço por planta e a qualidade da fibra. A disruptura de membrana via extravasamento de eletrólitos e a δ 13 C apresentaram-se como potenciais indicadores fisiológicos visando a seleção de genótipos de algodoeiro tolerantes ao déficit hídrico.Palavras-chave: estresse abiótico, Gossypium, déficit hídrico.
R E S U M OPropôs-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos de fertilidade do solo em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo em plantio direto para o algodoeiro em Cristalina, GO, visando à adoção da agricultura de precisão no manejo da área. A grade amostral foi constituída de 90 pontos (80 x 80 m) distribuídos numa área de 57,6 ha. Foram determinados os teores de P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu, Mn, B, Zn, Fe, matéria orgânica (MO), pH, soma de bases (SB), saturação por bases (V), saturação por alumínio (m) e condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CE) a 30 e 90 cm de profundidade. Efetuou-se a análise descritiva clássica e em seguida foram modelados semivariogramas para todos os atributos e mapas de krigagens. A dependência espacial das propriedades do solo analisadas indica que as variações espaciais devem ser consideradas no planejamento de coleta de amostras de solo e nas práticas de manejo do solo. Para a adoção da agricultura de precisão e aplicação de insumos em taxa variável, deve-se realizar um estudo criterioso da variabilidade da fertilidade do solo, gerando mapas por classe de fertilidade de cada atributo, o que permite identificar para quais atributos esta prática de manejo deve ser adotada. Spatial variability of soil fertility in cultivated area of cotton in Brazilian Savannah A B S T R A C TThe objective of this work was to analyze the spatial variability of fertility attributes in an Oxisol under tillage to cotton cultivation in Cristalina, GO, aiming the adoption of precision agriculture in the area management. The soil was collected using a sample grid, which consisted of 90 points (80 x 80 m), distributed into 57.6 ha. Were determined contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu, Mn, B, Zn, Fe, organic matter (OM), pH, sum of bases (SB), base saturation (V), aluminum saturation (m), as well as the apparent electrical conductivity of soil (EC) measured at 30 and 90 cm depth. Classic descriptive analysis was conducted and then, semivariograms were modeled for all attributes and krigging maps. The spatial dependence of analyzed soil properties indicates that the spatial variability should be considered during the planning of soil sampling and also to soil management practices. Concerning to precision agriculture adoption and the application of inputs in variable rates, it is required to do a careful study of the soil fertility variability, creating maps based on fertility classes for each attribute, allowing to identify for which attributes this management practice should be adopted. ISSN 1807ISSN -1929ISSN v.18, n.6, p.595-602, 2014 Introdução O cultivo do algodoeiro no Cerrado brasileiro tem obtido sucesso devido a diversos fatores, sendo os principais as condições climáticas favoráveis, topografia que permite a mecanização, os programas federais e estaduais de incentivo à cotonicultura e, especialmente, a intensiva adoção de tecnologias modernas. Devido à soma desses fatores, o cerrado brasileiro apresenta as maiores produtividades de algodão no Brasil e no mundo, em condições não irriga...
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