Banque de France 2 1 We thank Claudine Guibert and Laëtitia Francart for their precious help and Hervé Le Bihan for his most relevant comments. Some of the results presented were published in French in the Bulletin de la Banque de France n°167, novembre 2007.
This paper studies the relationship between consumption and wealth based on the concept of cointegration. The analysis focuses on French data over the 1987-2006 period. This relationship is expressed in two ways: in terms of Marginal Propensity to Consume out of wealth (MPC) and in terms of Elasticity of consumption to wealth. Three concepts of consumption are investigated: total households consumption expenditure, consumption excluding financial services and consumption excluding durable goods. Different estimators are also considered. Based on the MPC approach, when considered as permanent by households, an increase (decrease) in total wealth of one euro would lead to an increase (decrease) of 1 cent in total consumption. In terms of elasticity, an increase (decrease) of 10% in wealth would imply also a relatively small impact of 0.8 to 1.1% on consumption depending on the concept of consumption considered. In most cases, the effect of a change in financial wealth is bigger than of a change in housing wealth. The results indicate that the wealth effects in France are smaller than in the UK and US but close to what is observed in Italy. In addition, any deviation of the variables from their common trends is corrected at first by adjustments in disposable income in line with what has been uncovered by studies on Germany and consistent with the "saving for the rainy days" approach of Campbell (1987). But our results contrast with the seminal study of Lettau and Ludvigson (2004) in the US where asset prices make the bulk of the adjustment.
Le vieillissement de la population française va avoir des conséquences sur l'économie et en particulier sur l'évolution de la population active. Les générations nombreuses du baby boom vont quitter progressivement le marché du travail et ne pourront être remplacées que partiellement par les nouvelles générations. Ce décalage de taille des générations aura un impact sur le ratio de dépendance (inactifs/actifs) et donc sur la croissance potentielle par tête et sur l'équilibre des régimes de retraite. Un des moyens de combler ce déficit de main-d'oeuvre serait une remontée des taux d'activité, notamment aux âges extrêmes de la vie active. La suppression progressive des dispositifs de cessation anticipée d'activité permettrait une hausse du taux d'activité des plus âgés et le cumul emploi-formation une augmentation de celui des plus jeunes. D'après notre scénario central, la population active française (au sens du BIT) devrait croître à un rythme assez soutenu entre 2000 et 2010, grâce à une démographie encore assez dynamique, à la baisse du chômage et à la diminution du nombre de préretraités et dispensés de recherche d'emploi. De 2010 à 2016, le nombre d'actifs devrait être quasiment stable. De 2016 à 2035, les générations du baby-boom vont progressivement passer à des âges d'inactivité ou d'activité faible, ce qui devrait accélérer le rythme de décroissance de la population active. À partir de 2035, la baisse du nombre d'actifs devrait ralentir, tous les baby boomers ayant atteint l'âge de la retraite.
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