Ever since the introduction of topology optimization into the industrial and manufacturing fields, it has been a top priority to maximize the performance of any system by optimizing its geometrical parameters to save material while keeping its functionality unaltered. The purpose of this study is to design a dental implant macro-geometry by removing expendable material using topology optimization and to evaluate its biomechanical function. Three-dimensional finite element models were created of an implant embedded in cortical and cancellous bone. Parameters like the length and diameter of the implant and the bone quality (±20% variation in Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and density for both cortical and cancellous bone) were varied to evaluate their effect on the principal stresses induced on the peri-implant bone tissues and the micromotion of the implant at 150 N applied load. Design optimization is used to select one suitable implant for each material property combination with optimum parameters that experiences the least von Mises stress and axial deformation, out of twenty implants with different length and diameter for each material property combination. Topology optimization was then used on the selected implants to remove the redundant material. The biomechanical functions of the implants with optimized parameter and volume were then evaluated. The finite element analyses estimated that a reduction of 32% to 45% in the implant volume is possible with the implant still retaining all of its functionality.

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In order to reduce the loosening of dental implants, surface modification with hydroxyapatite (HA) coating has shown promising results. Therefore, in this present study, the sol-gel technique has been employed to form a tantalum and strontium ion-doped hybrid HA layer coating onto the titanium (Ti)-alloy substrate. In this study, the surface modification was completed by using 3% tantalum pent oxide (Ta2O5), 3% strontium (Sr), and a combination of 1.5% Ta2O5 and 1.5% Sr as additives, along with HA gel by spin coating technique. These additives played a prominent role in producing a porous structure layer coating and further cell growth. The MG63 cell culture assay results indicated that due to the incorporation of strontium ions along with tantalum embedded in HA, cell proliferation increased significantly after a 48 h study. Therefore, the present results, including microstructure, crystal structure, binding energy, and cell proliferation, showed that the additives 1.5% Ta2O5 and 1.5% Sr embedded in HA on the Ti–substrate had an optimized porous coating structure, which will enhance bone in-growth in surface-modified Ti-implants. This material had a proper porous morphology with a roughness profile, which may be suitable for tissue in-growth between a surface-modified textured implant and bone interface and could be applicable for dental implants.

Purpose: Recently, titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used in dental and surgical implants in the last few decades. However, there is a loosening effect over a long period usage. Therefore, the present study aimed to increase life of an implant by its surface modification. Methods: In present study, sol-gel process has been applied to create tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) layer coating on Ti-substrate. In this technique, polyethylene glycol (PEG) plays an important role to form uniform porous coating, which can have potential application in formation of strong bonding to the natural bone. Results: Microstructural, elemental, structural and binding energy results showed that the material with 100% PEG-enhanced sol-gel Ta2O5 with spin coating onto Ti substrate followed by an optimized sintering temperature (500 °C) has better porous structure than that of 5% PEG-enhanced sol-gel Ta2O5 coating, and would be suitable for tissue in-growth properties. Conclusions: Therefore, it was concluded that the present spin coated 100% PEG-enhanced Ta2O5 coating onto Ti, having the most suitable morphology with enhanced roughness, could be noteworthy for potential tissue in-growth and it could provide desired bonding at the interface of Ti-implant coating and host tissues in biomedical applications.

Titanium implants are commonly used in dental and other joint replacements and its several modifications have been taken place to improve the adhesion between bone and implant. Different chemical and physical modifications are generally applied to the titanium surface for improving interlocking between bone and implant materials. The present work has been investigated the shear strength stiffness and stress concentration between Representative Volume Element (RVE) model and coating material while the surface of the RVE model modified with different types of surface textures. The surface topology parameters resulted a significant increase in shear strength by 55% and 45% for straight texture and U-shape texture, respectively compared with plain surface. The stiffness reduced significantly by 18% for U-shape and but to 36% only for X-shape, when compared with plain surface. The stress concentration factor in biaxial case both dome shape and X-shape has 45%and 25% in U-shape lower than that of the plain surface. Therefore, this investigation predicted the interfacial shear strength properties generated for different surface topologies to determine the bonding behavior of the implant materials.