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To study the systemic factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity) affecting diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and to find out the prevalence of obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in individuals having diabetes mellitus and association of these comorbidities with diabetic retinopathy. A total of 140 diagnosed diabetic subjects participated in the study. They were grouped according to the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy. All the subjects were also evaluated for hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. Observations from both the groups were compared to find association between the risk factors and retinopathy.Mean systolic blood pressure among retinopathy subjects(133.13mmHg) was higher than subjects without retinopathy(127.43mmHg). This difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.046). Mean lipid level among retinopathy subject was not significantly different than the mean lipid levels in the participants without retinopathy (p > 0.05). The difference between the BMI of the participants of both groups was found to be insignificant. (p>0.05). Duration of diabetes(p<0.005), glycosylated haemoglobin(p= 0.001) were significant factors too.Duration of diabetes, glycosylated haemoglobin levels, systolic blood pressure were significant risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy.

Background: SARS CoV-2 has become a household name since early 2019 and till very recently has shown many mutations, some of which were predictable in behavior whereas some have been quite bizarre. With all these surreal mutants of the virus, the basic signs and symptoms of the infection also were diversified. A few studies compared the conjunctivitis features of the first and second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the evidence of conjunctivitis between the first and second wave of COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective and observational research, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients with COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Western Maharashtra. We evaluated the patients including detailed history taken from the medical records and ocular evaluation was carried out by a trained ophthalmologist who was posted in the COVID-19 ward at that time. The patient’s symptoms were compared with the severity of COVID-19 disease classified as mild, moderate, and based on oxygen support given to the patient. Results: A total of 150 patients were evaluated in this study, of which 50 patients were from the first wave and 100 were from second wave of COVID-19. Among the total patients, about (80%) of patients with mild severity of COVID-19 disease were from in first wave v/s (61%) patients with mild severity of disease were from the second wave. Furthermore, it was observed that disease severity with moderate patients from the first wave was around (20%) v/s (39%) in the second wave. Among the total patients’ data, 66% of patients infected with conjunctivitis were in the first wave of COVID-19 and approximately 56% of patients infected with conjunctivitis were found in the second wave, respectively. About 18% of patients from the first wave and 39% of patients from the second wave with moderate severity required oxygen support. The fluorescein staining, as well as congestion, showed no significant difference in the number of patients between both waves. Conclusion: The present study concludes that both the waves only reported dryness and no clinical signs of conjunctivitis. The present study concludes that increased oxygenation support may act as one of the contributing factor for increased dryness and thereby may lead to various ocular infections.

Purpose: To compare and correlate macular ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC) with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and visual field (VF) changes in cases of suspicious disc or glaucoma suspect. Methods: A total of 60 glaucoma suspects, were included in the study group.  These patients were subjected to standard investigations for glaucoma like tonometry, central corneal thickness (CCT), gonioscopy and fundoscopy. Visual fields were assessed using automated static perimetry of Humphrey Automated Visual Field Analyser. The test used was central 30-2 SITA standard. optical coherence tomography was done using RTvue, model 100 (version 5.1) to assess retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion Cell complex thickness (GCC). Correlation of RNFL and GCC was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and correlation between GCC and VF was assessed using two independent sample t –test. Results: A total of 60 eyes of 60 glaucoma suspects, were enrolled in the study both males and females were included.