For several years, various nationalist groups and the Russian state have been competing over nationalism as a political concept and for popular support to nationalist claims. This paper analyzes the relationship between the state and anti-government, ethnocentric nationalistic groups that gather annually in an event called “the Russian March.” Emphasis is on the change in that relationship that happened in 2014, when the state added efforts to channel and mobilize the nationalists to its previous repressive and controlling measures. The article conceptualizes the competition over the nationalist argument in contemporary Russia as a case of dissentful and consentful contention in hybrid regimes, and shows how the dissentful nationalists have been forced to make way for the more consentful ones. Until recently, the room for maneuver for the radical nationalists was relatively wide. The events in Ukraine, however, divided the nationalists, and since 2014 radical nationalists have faced increased state repression. At the same time, pro-government nationalist actors have strengthened, and new players have appeared in the field. These developments tell us not only about the Kremlin's diminished tolerance for dissentful contention, but also about the importance of the nationalist argument in Russian politics today.
Russia, one of the most ethno-culturally diverse countries in the world, provides a rich case study on how globalization and associated international trends are disrupting and causing the radical rethinking of approaches to inter-ethnic cohesion. The book highlights the importance of television broadcasting in shaping national discourse and the place of ethno-cultural diversity within it. It argues that television's role here has been reinforced, rather than diminished, by the rise of new media technologies.Through an analysis of a wide range of news and other television programmes, the book shows how the covert meanings of discourse on a particular issue can diverge from the overt significance attributed to it, just as the impact of that discourse may not conform with the original aims of the broadcasters. The book discusses the tension between the imperative to maintain security through centralized government and overall national cohesion that Russia shares with other European states, and the need to remain sensitive to, and to accommodate, the needs and perspectives of ethnic minorities and labour migrants. It compares the increasingly isolationist popular ethno-nationalism in Russia, which harks back to 'old-fashioned' values, with the similar rise of the Tea Party in the United States and the UK Independence Party in Britain.Throughout, this extremely rich, well-argued book complicates and challenges received wisdom on Russia's recent descent into authoritarianism. It points to a regime struggling to negotiate the dilemmas it faces, given its Soviet legacy of ethnic particularism, weak civil society, large native Muslim population and overbearing, yet far from entirely effective, state control of the media.
Ibland får man strålande idéer men bara lite fö r tidigt. Det var min fö rsta tanke när jag bö rjade läsa Dr. Jardar Østbøs nya, mycket fascinerande bok om olika tolkningar kring den politiska myten om Ryssland som ett Tredje Rom. Boken baserar sig på Østbøs doktorsavhandling, inlämnad i maj 2011, och godkänd i december samma år. Den inrikespolitiska situationen eller debatten i Ryssland har aldrig varit särskilt statisk, och efter denna avhandling har det hänt väldigt mycket, speciellt i de konservativa nationalistiska kretsar som beskrivs i Østbøs verk. Efter de massiva demokratiprotesterna i samband med dumavalet 2011 bö rjade den ryska regimen beslutsamt att begränsa politiska alternativ och all slags civilsamhällesaktivitet. Samtidigt med den fö rstärkta auktoritära utvecklingen framfö rde makthavarna allt starkare krav på gemensamma traditionella, »spirituella» värden. Sedan slutet av 2013 fö rsämrades relationerna mellan Ryssland och EU på grund av Euromajdans folkresning i Kiev och dess fö ljdverkningar.Det viktigaste i den här kontexten är att de som man kan kalla »ryska nationalister», vilket även inkluderar imperialister, nu behövde relatera sina synpunkter i fö rhållande till Rysslands erövring av Krim, kriget i Donbass, rollen av de ryska volontärerna i konflikten, samt till alla de andra svåra frågor som har mycket med den (postsovjetiska) ryska identiteten att gö ra. Det är därfö r läsaren oundvikligen bö rjar ö nska att Østbø kunde ha fö ljt sitt tema i fem år till (eller kommit på idén fem år senare). Han kompenserar det ändå med ett fö rord samt med en kort epilog, i vilket det berättas att den politiska myten om Ryssland som ett Tredje Rom har nu blivit »mainstream». Idag resonerar myten starkt med »de traditionella värdena», men myten har under de senaste åren också blivit ett sätt att betona Rysslands moraliska plikt som det eviga imperiet i kampen mellan det goda och det onda.Det är på sätt och vis just den mekanismen som Østbø i sin forskning vill fö rklara: att det egentligen spelar liten roll vad som faktiskt var den ursprungliga myten om Ryssland som Tredje Rom. Filofej, en ortodox munk som fö rst skrev om Ryssland som det Tredje Rom (fö r att det hade då funnits två Rom tidigare, och ett
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