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Shrinking in the device dimensions increases the device density on the chip and thus reducing the overall chip area requirement for logic implementation. Minimising the chip area is not a lonely optimisation performance factor for a VLSI chip designer. The other equally important performance parameters such that power dissipation and propagation delay are the thinkable facts for a designer. The focusable part of power dissipation is the huge leakage current in deep submicron (DSM) regime. Many leakage reduction techniques are applied to reduce the leakage current in the DSM regime but they have own limitations. Our proposed on/off logic (ONOFIC) approach gives an excellent settlement between power dissipation and propagation delay for designing the nanoscale CMOS circuits. It uses extra insertion of two transistors (an NMOS and a PMOS) within the logic block. The exact on/off level of the ONOFIC block improves the power dissipation and propagation delay of the logic circuits. In this article, ONOFIC approach is compared with the LECTOR leakage reduction technique and output results show that our proposed approach significantly reduces the power dissipation and enhancing the speed of the logic circuits with superior power-delay product.

Quantum‐dot cellular automata (QCA) is a transistor‐less technology to implement the nanoscale circuit designs. QCA circuits are fast, highly dense and dissipate less energy as compared to widely used complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this paper, a novel structure for digital comparator using QCA nanotechnology is proposed. Digital comparator is a basic and important module in central processing unit which compares two binary numbers. The proposed digital comparator is optimal, single layered with 0.50 clock latency and containing only 26 QCA cells. The proposed digital comparator is compared for the different performance metrics with the existing digital comparators. The calculations for energy dissipation are provided using QCA Designer‐E and QCA Pro tools. The proposed coplanar digital comparator is designed with minimum QCA cells which reduces the total cell area, total covered area and cost. Total cell area, total covered area and cost for the proposed digital comparator are 0.008 μm2, 0.023 μm2 and 0.006 respectively. Results show that energy dissipation for the proposed design is very less therefore, proposed digital comparator is energy efficient.

The paper strives to elucidate the complex yet intimate relation between spirituality and mental health from contemporary perspectives. The diverse and constantly evolving views that spiritualists and mental health professionals have held toward each other over last century are discussed with special accent on the transpersonal spiritual framework within psychology. The role of spirituality in promoting mental health and alleviating mental illness is highlighted. The paper is concluded with an increasing need to integrate spirituality within the mental health field albeit there are several impediments in achieving the same, which need to be worked through circumspectly.

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