The use of wood in the form of charcoal for energy production, has great economic importance in Brazil. In this context, the study of variables and mechanisms that affect charcoal quality is essential. The present study aimed to verify the influence of some physical properties of Eucalyptus wood on the quality and yield of the produced bioreducer. We used three commercial Eucalyptus clones, cultivated for use in the steel industry, determining wood density and shrinkage, density and immediate chemistry of the charcoal produced and the charcoal gravimetric yield. The data was submitted to Pearson's correlation analysis. Correlations between wood density and apparent charcoal density as well as charcoal ash content were observed. All clones presented characteristics suitable for the production of charcoal for the steel industry, with emphasis on the hybrid E. urophylla x E. grandis.
The study aimed to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of charcoal from eucalypt clones by principal component analysis and demonstrate the relationships between these properties, in order to assess which charcoal property should aimed in the process to obtain a higher quality product. In this way, was cut eight clones of Eucalyptus and two of Corymbia, collecting three trees per clone and five disk in different heights. The disks were transformed into test samples, totaling an average of 75 samples per clones, which were carbonized under specific conditions for analysis of apparent density, compressive strength parallel to grain and linear and volumetric degradation due to high temperature. It is noteworthy that the data were weighted by disk and per tree, to an average closer to reality. For correlations, was used multivariate analysis of principal components. Herein, it is found that the apparent density of charcoal acts as the focal point of the other properties studied, and observed that as the higher the density, higher will be the compressive strength parallel to grain, the elastic modulus and the gravimetric yield. Keywords: energetic characteristics; principal components analysis; Eucalypt. RESUMOO estudo teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do carvão de clones de eucalipto por análise de componentes principais e demonstrar as correlações entre essas propriedades, a fim de avaliar qual propriedade de carvão deve ser almejada no processo para obter um produto de alta qualidade. Desta forma, foram cortados oito clones de Eucalyptus e dois de Corymbia, coletando três árvores por clone e cinco discos em diferentes alturas. Os discos foram transformados em amostras para ensaio, totalizando uma média de 75 amostras por clones, que foram carbonizados sob condições específicas para a análise da densidade aparente, compressão paralela às fibras e degradação linear e volumétrica devido à alta temperatura. Vale ressaltar que os dados foram ponderados pelo disco e por árvore, para a uma média mais próxima da realidade. Para as correlações, foi utilizada a análise multivariada de componentes principais.
ResumoA qualidade do carvão vegetal depende significativamente das propriedades da madeira utilizada na sua produção. Atualmente, no Brasil, o maior produtor de carvão vegetal do mundo, este aspecto tem sido mais considerado visando, principalmente, o aumento da produtividade. Assim, a presente pesquisa objetivou analisar a correlação existente entre algumas características físicas da madeira com determinadas propriedades físico-mecânicas do carvão vegetal. Para tanto, foram avaliados oito clones de Eucalyptus e dois clones de Corymbia. Foram coletados discos dos troncos das árvores para a determinação da massa específica, umidade e contrações lineares e volumétricas. Posteriormente, as amostras foram carbonizadas em condições laboratoriais específicas, e o carvão produzido foi submetido a análise de densidade aparente, resistência à compressão paralela às fibras e degradação linear e volumétrica devido aos efeitos da temperatura. Em seguida, para uma melhor interpretação dos resultados, analisou-se conjuntamente as propriedades da madeira e do carvão vegetal por meio da técnica estatística multivariada de correlação canônica. Concluiu-se que a massa específica e a umidade da madeira são os fatores de maior correlação significativa com as propriedades estudadas do carvão vegetal.Palavras-chave: física da madeira, propriedades mecânicas do carvão vegetal, eucalipto, correlação canônica. AbstractThe quality of charcoal is strongly dependent upon the characteristics of the wood from which it originated. In Brazil, the world's largest charcoal producer, this aspect has received special attention to increase the industrial productivity. The present study aimed to analyze the correlation that exists between some physical characteristics of wood and some physical and mechanical properties of the charcoal. Eight clones of Eucalyptus and two clones of Corymbia were studied. Discs from the trunk of the trees were collected to determine the specific gravity, humidity and linear and volumetric shrinkage of wood. After that, the samples were carbonized under specified laboratory conditions and the generated charcoal was analyzed regarding its apparent density, resistance in compression parallel to the grain and linear and volumetric degradation due to the action of temperature. To evaluate jointly the charcoal and wood proprieties, the multivariate technique of canonical correlation was used. It was concluded that specific mass and wood humidity are the most important correlation factors with the charcoal properties under study.
Due to changes in the Amazon forest dynamics after the first cutting cycle, non exploited species become dominant in the forest. The lack of technological knowledge makes it hard to commercialize these woods, making the understanding of their physical-mechanical properties a fundamental step to properly define their applications. This study aimed to characterize physically and mechanically the wood of Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya and Eschweilera ovata from the second cutting cycle of the Tapajós National Forest, intending to commercially promote and to identify usages for them, as well as to evaluate the viability of replacement of highly commercialized species. The tests were performed accordingly to the Brazilian standard NBR 7190. P. psilostachya, presented bulk density of 0.683 g.cm -3 , medium levels of shrinkage and anisotropy, as well as medium hardness (7366 N) and high strength on compression parallel to grain (71.63 MPa) and on static bending (103.9 MPa). It was generally superior to Euxylophora paraensis, but inferior when compared to Bagasssa guianensis and Apuleia leiocarpa, with possibilities to replace these three species. E. ovata, on the other hand, presented bulk density of 0.798 g.cm -3 , high shrinkage and anisotropy values, but high values for hardness (12089 N) and strength on compression parallel to grain (68.67 MPa) and on static bending (127.1 MPa). This species exhibited, in general, similarities with Mezilaurus itauba, although it is a little inferior in relation to Hymenaea sp. and Astronium lecointei. Both species, P. psilostachya and E. ovata fit in the highest strength class described on the Brazilian Standard NBR7190, C60. By means of the results found, it was concluded that although the species studied were unknown, they presented timber with enough quality to replace some Amazon timber species widely commercialized on both national and international market.An Acad Bras Cienc (2018) 90 (4) 3566BRUNO M. BALBONI et al.
Aos meus pais e minha famíliaTudo que sou, devo a vocês. Com todo carinhoDe seu filho, irmão, sobrinho, primo, neto, Com muito carinho; dedico... Aos meus tios, por muitas vezes se preocuparem conosco como se fossem pais, aos primos, por muitas vezes se fazerem como irmãos, aos meus queridos avós, pelos puxões de orelhas, conselhos e por ter me ensinado a importância de rezar.Ao Prof. Mario Tomazello, por ter ido além da função de orientador, tornando-se um amigo. Ao Prof. Brito, pelos ensinamentos, incentivos e conselhos. Ao Dr. Osmar Águiar, detentor de grande culpa por eu chegar aqui hoje. Ao Prof. Ivaldo Jankowsky, pelo conhecimento proporcionado.Aos colegas de laboratório, pelos bons momentos tanto de convívio in loco e quanto nos barzinhos, em especial ao Moisés Lobão, Matheus Chagas, Luís
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