Among all infectious diseases, tuberculosis has probably been the most frequent cause of death and morbidity in the history of humanity. On a world-wide basis, the tuberculosis (TB) represents a serious public health problem, existing great differences between developed and developing countries in terms of controlling the disease. One of the problems inherent in this disease is the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drugs, specially the multi-resistance (defined as resistance to isoniziade and rifampicine), it represents a problem of global health. Faced with clinical suspect, its diagnosis must be immediately done and treatment must be started as soon as possible. For this purpose, we have at our disposal such effective diagnosis and therapeutic methods. However, the most important the most important action is that all these patients must be subjected to a close evolved control carried by specialized units.
RESUMEN La tuberculosis (TB) es una enfermedad conocida desde la antigüedad y a pesar de los grandes avances en la medicina continúa siendo un problema grave de salud a nivel mundial. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión actualizada del tratamiento farmacológico de la tuberculosis teniendo en cuenta los principios generales de actuación de los medicamentos antituberculosos tanto de primera como de segunda línea. Se recogen los esquemas terapéuticos tanto de la enfermedad tuberculosa como de la tuberculosis latente. Se presentan las reacciones adversas y las interacciones resumidas en tablas así como actuaciones a tener en cuenta para minimizarlas. Se describen las actuaciones para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento y el control del cumplimiento terapéutico, y el tratamiento aconsejado en situaciones especiales como inmunodeficiencias, embarazo, insuficiencia hepática y renal, y la problemática de las multirresistencias. La perspectiva de tener a corto plazo nuevos tratamientos más eficaces para combatir esta enfermedad y que rebajen la duración de éstos no es muy prometedora.
Background Adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is essential to control the disease. Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) is considered the universal ‘standard care’ and has proven to be an effective method of ensuring compliance with the treatment. Resource constraints and technology improvements are generating increased efforts in local TB control programs to develop efficient strategies to ensure patient adherence to appropriate treatments. One example is video-observed treatment (VOT) in which the observation is performed through a live video connexion. Purpose To develop a TB VOT implementation plan in a health area. Materials and methods We analysed the current situation of DOT in our health area. We reviewed other experiences with VOT. We designed the new system by estimating the relevant requirements: patient enrolment criteria, staffing, technology and costs incurred (time of observation, medicines, equipment and communication systems) from the perspective of the national health service. Results In the last two years 35 DOTs involving 206 cases of TB (17%) were performed in our health area (458,000 inhabitants). The plan contains a pilot with 10 TB patients meeting certain inclusion criteria (at least: understanding of the medicines and the disease, risk of poor adherence, no multi drug-resistant TB). If the pilot scheme goes ahead, patients will be provided with a computer with a secure internet connexion including a user-friendly videoconferencing system. Time per connexion will be set at 10 min. A medicines dispensing, monitoring and control system will be set up by the Pharmacy Service. Initial investment will be about 3,100 € including the purchase of the computer equipment for the pilot. The cost per patient of monitoring including drug treatment will be 66 €. An implementation schedule and indicators to measure results have also been developed. Conclusions VOT design requires little initial investment and would enable more effective and efficient TB control. No conflict of interest.
INTRODUCCIÓNEn el momento actual, la tuberculosis sigue siendo un problema sociosanitario relevante incluso en países desarrollados. Diversos factores, entre ellos la irrupción de la infección producida por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) (1-7), los cambios demográficos y los integrados por ciertos grupos marginales (como los indigentes) y los hábitos tóxicos (la drogadicción y el alcoholismo), han contribuído a un descenso del control de la tuberculosis (8-12). Asimismo, asistimos a un incremento de la tuberculosis en pacientes de edad avanzada debido, no sólo, al aumento de la población geríatri-ca, sino también, a otros elementos como son la reactivación de focos endógenos previos o la progresividad de infecciones adquiridas en instituciones cerradas (13-18).En la población inmunocompetente, la forma de presentación habitual de la tuberculosis es la pulmonar. Así, en el año 1986 de 22.764 casos declarados en EE.UU. el 82,5% eran 11 [0212-7199(2002) 1%) intestinal, 6 (9,1%) peritoneal, 5 (7,6%) meningea y 8 (12,0%) otras localizaciones; FM 47 casos (16,9%); TB miliares 7 casos (2,5%) y FD 3 casos (1,1%). No se observó ningún caso de pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.Conclusiones: En estos pacientes, se comprueba una elevada prevalencia de tuberculosis extrapulmonar. Ello nos sugiere, un cambio en la presentación clásica de la enfermedad y una extrema sensibilidad en el diagnóstico localizatorio de la enfermedad.
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