The microbiological activity of soils is one of the factors of soil formation, because it processes a much larger amount of mineral and organic components compared to plants. The paper shows the change in the composition of microflora in different types of soils with their excessive moisture. Under these conditions, the content of fungal microflora, the content of microorganisms developing on the medium of MPA, CAA increased. Keywords: SOIL, ANAEROBIOSIS, EXCESSIVE MOISTURE, MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, HUMUS STATE

The paper shows that in the agroecological assessment of chernozems, it is necessary to take their features into account: high depositing capacity, low reaction rate, large absorption capacity, largely due to the content of humus and montmorillonite, large capacity of the humus layer, high buffering and buffer capacity. Agricultural use of chernozems without detailed consideration of their properties and interrelations between properties leads to their degradation. It is proposed to take into account the depositing capacity of soils, the kinetics of reactions occurring in them, and the interrelationships of soil properties. The manifestation of the law of diminishing returns is shown not only in the economic assessment of investments, but also in improving the quality of agricultural products, increasing soil fertility. Keywords: CHERNOZEM, SOIL FERTILITY, KINETICS, RELATIONSHIPS, DEPOSITING CAPACITY, THE LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS

Excessive moistening of soils leads to the development of restorative conditions in them, an increase in the mobility of Fe, Mn, Cu, a decrease in Eh of less than 400-300 mv, to the transition of NO3 to NH4, NH3, N2, to an increase in the gas phase of soils of CO2, H2S, methane. At the same time, negative consequences appear both in soils and in water and air environments. This has a negative effect on the vegetation cover of hydromorphic soils. The paper shows an increase in denitrification with excessive moistening of soils, a decrease in Eh, NO3 content, mobile phosphates, and a decrease in the ratio of mobile (Ca+Mg):(Fe+Mn), while there is also a change in the content of positively and negatively charged cation compounds in water, soil, and plants. Keywords: SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL, MEADOW-CHERNOZEM SOIL, ANAEROBIOSIS, GLUING, PROCESSES AND REGIMES