Bondoró Volcanic Complex (shortly Bondoró) is one of the most complex eruption centre of Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field, which made up from basaltic pyroclastics sequences, a capping confined lava field (∼4 km 2 ) and an additional scoria cone. Here we document and describe the main evolutional phases of the Bondoró on the basis of facies analysis, drill core descriptions and geomorphic studies and provide a general model for this complex monogenetic volcano. Based on the distinguished 13 individual volcanic facies, we infer that the eruption history of Bondoró contained several stages including initial phreatomagmatic eruptions, Strombolian-type scoria cones forming as well as effusive phases. The existing and newly obtained K-Ar radiometric data have confirmed that the entire formation of the Bondoró volcano finished at about 2.3 Ma ago, and the time of its onset cannot be older than 3.8 Ma. Still K-Ar ages on neighbouring formations (e.g. Kab-hegy, Agár-tető) do not exclude a long-lasting eruptive period with multiple eruptions and potential rejuvenation of volcanic activity in the same place indicating stable melt production beneath this location. The prolonged volcanic activity and the complex volcanic facies architecture of Bondoró suggest that this volcano is a polycyclic volcano, composed of at least two monogenetic volcanoes formed more or less in the same place, each erupted through distinct, but short lived eruption episodes. The total estimated eruption volume, the volcanic facies characteristics and geomorphology also suggests that Bondoró is rather a small-volume polycyclic basaltic volcano than a polygenetic one and can be interpreted as a nested monogenetic volcanic complex with multiple eruption episodes. It seems that Bondoró is rather a "rule" than an "exception" in regard of its polycyclic nature not only among the volcanoes of the Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field but also in the Neogene basaltic volcanoes of the Pannonian Basin.

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Ochre is the common archaeological term for prehistoric pigments. It is applied to a range of uses, from ritual burials to cave art to medications. While a substantial number of Palaeolithic paint mining pits have been identified across Europe, the link between ochre use and provenance, and their antiquity, has never yet been identified. Here we characterise the mineralogical signature of core-shell processed ochre from the Palaeolithic paint mining pits near Lovas in Hungary, using a novel integration of petrographic and mineralogical techniques. We present the first evidence for core-shell processed, natural pigment that was prepared by prehistoric people from hematitic red ochre. This involved combining the darker red outer shell with the less intensely coloured core to efficiently produce an economical, yet still strongly coloured, paint. We demonstrate the antiquity of the site as having operated between 14–13 kcal BP, during the Epigravettian period. This is based on new radiocarbon dating of bone artefacts associated with the quarry site. The dating results indicate the site to be the oldest known evidence for core-shell pigment processing. We show that the ochre mined at Lovas was exported from the site based on its characteristic signature at other archaeological sites in the region. Our discovery not only provides a methodological framework for future characterisation of ochre pigments, but also provides the earliest known evidence for “value-adding” of products for trade.

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Az orosz–ukrán háborúnak, számos jelentős társadalmi-gazdasági hatása mellett, meghatározó befolyása van Európa energiaellátására is. Az Európai Unió (EU) energiaimport-függősége jelentős, ami az utóbbi másfél évben magas energiabeszerzési árakkal párosult, így szükségessé válik az egész eddigi energiapolitikája fenntarthatóságának újragondolása. A tanulmány előbb rövid áttekintést ad az Európai Unió jelenlegi energiahelyzetéről és az uniós háztartások energiafelhasználásáról, bemutatja Magyarország energiaportfólióját, majd nemzetközi példák segítségével igyekszik képet adni a háztartási földgázfogyasztást befolyásoló tényezőkről, térökonometriai modellek segítségével, végezetül a legfrissebb magyar adatok alapján elemzi a villamos energia és a földgáz fogyasztásának jelenlegi trendjeit. Megállapításaink szerint a drasztikus energiaár-emelkedéseket jelentős fogyasztáscsökkenés fogja követni, azonban ebben a folyamatban nehéz jellegzetes fogyasztói csoportokat elkülöníteni. A földrajzi dimenziónak viszont meghatározó szerepe van az energiafogyasztásban, nem lehet univerzális döntéseket hozni az energiahatékonysági kérdésekben. Térben koncentrált beavatkozásokkal és az energiatudatosság fokozásával lehet hatékony eredményeket elérni az energiafogyasztás csökkentése területén.