Abstract. Airborne observations over the Amazon Basin showed high aerosol particle concentrations in the upper troposphere (UT) between 8 and 15 km altitude, with number densities (normalized to standard temperature and pressure) often exceeding those in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. The measurements were made during the German-Brazilian cooperative aircraft campaign ACRIDICON-CHUVA, where ACRIDICON stands for "Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems" and
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Airborne observations over the Amazon Basin showed high aerosol particle concentrations in the upper troposphere (UT) between 8 and 15&#8201;km altitude, with number densities (normalized to standard temperature and pressure) often exceeding those in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by one or two orders of magnitude. The measurements were made during the German-Brazilian cooperative aircraft campaign ACRIDICON-CHUVA on the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). The campaign took place in September/October 2014, with the objective of studying tropical deep convective clouds over the Amazon rainforest and their interactions with atmospheric trace gases, aerosol particles, and atmospheric radiation. <br><br> Aerosol enhancements were observed consistently on all flights during which the UT was probed, using several aerosol metrics, including condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations and chemical species mass concentrations. The UT particles differed in their chemical composition and size distribution from those in the PBL, ruling out convective transport of combustion-derived particles from the BL as a source. The air in the immediate outflow of deep convective clouds was depleted in aerosol particles, whereas strongly enhanced number concentrations of small particles (<&#8201;90&#8201;nm diameter) were found in UT regions that had experienced outflow from deep convection in the preceding 5&#8211;72 hours. We also found elevated concentrations of larger (>&#8201;90&#8201;nm) particles in the UT, which consisted mostly of organic matter and nitrate and were very effective CCN. <br><br> Our findings suggest a conceptual model, where production of new aerosol particles takes place in the UT from volatile material brought up by deep convection, which is converted to condensable species in the UT. Subsequently, downward mixing and transport of upper tropospheric aerosol can be a source of particles to the PBL, where they increase in size by the condensation of biogenic volatile organic carbon (BVOC) oxidation products. This may be an important source of aerosol particles in the Amazonian PBL, where aerosol nucleation and new particle formation has not been observed. We propose that this may have been the dominant process supplying secondary aerosol particles in the pristine atmosphere, making clouds the dominant control of both removal and production of atmospheric particles.</p>
Tempestades com granizo tipicamente estão associadas à nuvens de grande desenvolvimento vertical (Cumulonimbus), com intensas taxas de precipitação e ventos fortes em superfície, que podem causar diversos prejuízos ao meio urbano e rural. Este trabalho analisou a evolução de alguns parâmetros provenientes das assinaturas do radar meteorológico e atividade elétrica de nove tempestades que causaram precipitação de granizo em superfície no estado de São Paulo, entre dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017. Os parâmetros de radar analisados foram: Conteúdo de Água Líquida Verticalmente Integrado (VIL), densidade de VIL (DVIL), altura máxima do eco de 20 dBZ (Ecotop20dBZ), altura máxima do eco de 35 dBZ (Ecotop35dBZ), Altura de Waldvogel (AW) e máximo valor da refletividade em toda coluna de precipitação iluminada pelo radar (MAXPIX). Esses parâmetros foram calculados através dos dados de refletividade (Z) do radar meteorológico Doppler de São Roque (São Paulo). As informações sobre a ocorrência de descargas de retorno intra-nuvem (IN) e nuvem-solo (NS) foram obtidas da rede Earth Network. Dentre os resultados, foi possível analisar a evolução dos parâmetros de radar e atividade elétrica, antes, durante e depois do momento em que se registrou o granizo em superfície para cada tempestade selecionada. O parâmetro AW acusou com 20 min de antecedência uma alta probabilidade de ocorrência de precipitação de granizo para todas as tempestades.
RESUMOO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) pelo método de Penman-Monteith parametrizado no boletim FAO-56 (PM-FAO56) utilizando dados meteorológicos observados e os simulados pelo modelo atmosférico Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF). Na estimativa de ETo utilizaram-se dados meteorológicos observados (extremos da temperatura e umidade do ar, radiação solar e velocidade do vento) e simulados pelo WRF no período seco (janeiro a março e de outubro a dezembro de 2008) da região de Rio Largo -AL (9°28'02'' S, 35º49'44'' W e 127 m). As estimativas foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de determinação (r 2 ) entre ETo obtida com os dados observados e simulados, pelo índice de concordância de Willmott (dr) e pelo erro médio absoluto (MAE). O método PM-FAO56 apresentou maior sensibilidade ao saldo de radiação, em relação aos seus termos aerodinâmicos. As estimativas de ETo apresentaram baixa precisão (r 2 = 0,41) e acurácia moderada (dr = 0,77 e MAE = 0,79 mm d -1 ). É necessário melhorar as simulações dos componentes de radiação do WRF para melhor estimar ETo pelo método de PM-FAO56 na região de Rio Largo, AL.
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