Our data suggest that the non-diabetic subjects with SH show misleadingly high levels of the HbA1c. Therefore, the effect of altered levels of the serum TSH on the HbA1c must be considered when interpreting the HbA1c for the diagnosis of diabetes in the SH patients.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is always a multifactorial metabolic disorder having a wide range of abnormalities in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Dyslipidemia is a natural process of DM causing abnormal variations of different lipoproteins and it is one of the significant risk factors for Cardiovascular Disorder (CVD). There is a need to closely evaluate newer approaches in case of DM because even if dyslipidemia is treated, there is always a risk of CVDs in DM patients because of the hyperglycemia itself. So, lipid abnormalities should be assessed aggressively and treated as part of diabetes care. Apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B100), Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and Lipoprotein (a) {Lp(a)} are newer markers which are always welcome and necessary as many of the reported cases with normal conventional lipid profile have developed cardiac events.Aim: Study the correlation between glycemic control and the levels of Apo A1, Apo B100 and Lp(a). Materials and Methods :Total 56 patients of (DM) diagnosed on the basis of American Diabetic Association guidelines were recruited, out of which 28 were identified as uncontrolleddiabetic patients and remaining 28 as controlled-diabetics on the basis of Glycosylated HbA1c (HbA1c). The control group consisted of normal healthy 28 individuals. Apo B100, Apo A1 and Lp(a) along with traditional lipid profile, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and HbA1c were estimated in all the subjects.Results: Apo B100/Apo A1 ratio and Lp(a) levels showed highly significant difference (p-value <0.001) between uncontrolled diabetics, controlled diabetics and healthy Controls. Apo B100/ Apo A1 ratio and Lp(a) showed significant positive correlations with HbA1c (r= 0.494, p <0.0001) and with each other. Conclusion:Apo B100/Apo A1 ratio and Lp(a) show a highly significant positive relationship with glucose tolerance of the patients as reflected in the HbA1c values. If proper glycemic control is maintained, the levels of Apo B100/Apo A1 ratio and Lp(a) can be controlled as reflected by the lower levels of these parameters observed in controlled diabetics in comparison to uncontrolled diabetics.Vishwal Indravadan Patel et al., Apolipoproteins and Lipoprotein(a) in Diabetes Mellitus www.jcdr.net

Objective: It has been known that overt hypothyroidism is associated with hyperlipidemia, replacement therapy with Levothyroxine significantly reverses lipid metabolism abnormalities. But no clear consensus has been established regarding the treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism subjects. This is due to the fact that there are no data from large trials on whether and to what degree Subclinical Hypothyroidism affects lipid profile. This study is aimed to provide a look at the status of Lipid Profile in the case of Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: Total 100 subjects were recruited and divided into 2 groups. 50 Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism were considered as the cases and 50 healthy people as the controls. Serum TSH was analysed by sandwich electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL were estimated by enzymatic colorimetric method, LDL was calculated by using friedewald formula. Results: Serum cholesterol, LDL were higher (P<0.0001) and HDL (P<0.0001) was lower in Subclinical Hypothyroid patients (mean±SD= 199.9±27.8 mg/dl, 130.0±26.3mg/dl, 44.2±9.1 mg/dl respectively) compared to healthy controls (mean±SD= 170.1±16.8 mg/dl, 97.3±14.7 mg/dl, 54.2±10.0 mg/dl respectively). A significant correlation was found between the levels of TSH and Serum Cholesterol (r=0.5101, P<0.0001), LDL (r=0.5637, P<0.0001) and a significant negative correlation was found between the levels of TSH and HDL (r=-0.4525, P<0.0001). Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with elevated levels of Serum Total Cholesterol and LDL which is atherogenic in nature, and low level of HDL. This may further increase the risk of development of atherosclerosis.

Introduction: Total cholesterol (TC) and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are well-established risk factors for the coronary heart disease (CHD). There are many homogenous assays currently available for the estimation of serum LDL-C. Most clinical laboratories determine LDL-C (mg/dL) by Friedewald's formula (FF), LDL-C = (TC) -(HDL-C) -(TAG/5). This formula shows the level of LDL-C is dependent on triglyceride (TAG) level. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out the relative advantages of direct measurement of cholesterol over the conventional derivation of LDL-C by calculation. Material and Method: The study contained 80 participants above 18 years. LDL-C estimation was done by direct method manually on the spectrophotometer and also calculated using the Friedewald's Formula. An independent t-test was applied to find out the statistically significant difference. Results: It was observed that, the mean LDL-C levels by calculated method and the direct method in the control group (TAG≤150 mg/dl) (114.83 and 116.88 mg/dl respectively, P=0.81), case group-1 (TAG=150-300 mg/dl) (113.11and 116.01 mg/dl respectively, P=0.82) and case group-2 (TAG=300-400 mg/dl) (112.75and 116.30 mg/dl respectively, P=0.73) show no significant difference, but in the case group-3 (TAG≥400 mg/dl) (112.12 and 182.0 mg/dl respectively, P<0.001) shows significant difference. Conclusion: Our data suggest that; the estimated LDL-C can be substantially underestimated due to the high triglyceride levels of 400 mg/dl or more. These results in the misclassification of the risk, where the patient's calculated LDL-C may be lower than their true LDL-C, resulting in the missed opportunities for the treatment.

Introduction: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is primarily measured to identify glycemic control in diabetic patients. According to The American Diabetes Association (ADA), and World Health Organization (WHO), HbA1c concentrations 6.5% or more is diagnostic of diabetes. Vitamin D 3 deficiency has high prevalence all over the India. It has been proposed that mild to moderate vitamin D 3 deficiency is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and higher plasma vitamin D 3 is related to a lower risk for the development of diabetes mellitus in high-risk patients. Aim and Objectives: The aim was to study the levels of vitamin D 3 and relationship between the levels of vitamin D 3 and HbA1c in diabetic patients. Material and Method: HbA1c and vitamin D 3 were measured in 100 diabetic patients, and another 100 age and sex matched normal healthy individuals. HbA1c was measured by Immunoturbidimetry and vitamin D 3 was measured by Electrochemiluminescence. Results: The mean vitamin D 3 level in diabetic patients (27.19 ± 6.03 nmol/L) was significantly lower than healthy individuals (61.13 ± 10.85 nmol/L) (P <0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the levels of vitamin D 3 and HbA1c (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = -0.63, P <0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D 3 levels are deficient in diabetic patients, and there is an inverse correlation between the levels of vitamin D 3 and HbA1c. So, the level of vitamin D 3 is inversely associated with glycemic control in diabetic patients. Therefore, vitamin D 3 supplementation may be helpful in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.