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Lowery, 1985). However, frequent soil movement in conventional tillage (CT) may increase the N mineral- Tillage and N fertilization influence cotton (Gosspium hirsutum L.)ization process (Grace et al., 1993). Azam et al. (1988) growth and yield. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of two tillage systems (conventional tillage [CT] and strip-till and Grace et al. (1993) noted that N fertilization not [ST]) and four N rates (0, 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha Ϫ1 ) on growth, de-only increases ammonium N, but also N mineralization velopment, and yield of 'DP 5409' cotton following wheat (Triticum in the soil. aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted at the University of Flo-Previous crop residues, partly due to the residue qualrida's North Florida Research and Education Center in Quincy, FL, ity, affect the optimum N rate for the following cotton in 1995-1997. Lint yields, plant height, boll no. plant Ϫ1 , and boll no. crop (Touchton et al., 1995). Brown et al. (1985) and m Ϫ2 varied across years. With every 1 kg N ha Ϫ1 applied to cotton, Touchton and Reeves (1988) noted that greater N rates, lint yields increased by 1.74 and 1.53 kg ha Ϫ1 in 1996, and 2.76 and due to N immobilization, are required for cotton grown 1.76 kg ha Ϫ1 in 1997 for CT and ST, respectively. In 1995, maximum after wheat than fallow to obtain the same yields. The lint yields were estimated with 105 kg N ha Ϫ1 for CT. Averaged across use of crop rotation and winter crops may also reduce years, cotton lint yield increase with N application greater than 67 kg ha Ϫ1 was not significant and tillage did not influence lint yields. Plant N leaching potential and degradation of ground water height, boll no. plant Ϫ1 , and boll no. m Ϫ2 generally increased with (Touchton et al., 1995). Wood et al. (1991) observed increasing N rates, except for boll no. m Ϫ2 in the ST system in 1995. that soil N concentration at the 0-to 40-cm depth was Greatest boll weight and lint weight boll Ϫ1 were obtained with the reduced with the establishment of conservation tillage. application of 134 kg N ha Ϫ1 . Compared with CT, ST reduced boll Many experiments have shown that cotton yields from no. plant Ϫ1 and increased boll no. m Ϫ2 . Tillage did not influence plant conservation tillage systems are lower or similar to height, boll weight, and lint weight boll Ϫ1 . These results indicate that yields from CT (Brown et al., 1985;Stevens et al., 1992; cotton can be grown successfully in ST and that yields may not increase Burmester et al., 1993;Hutchinson, 1993), or even greater significantly with rates Ͼ67 kg N ha Ϫ1 .for conservation than CT (Bradley, 1995; Delaney et al., 1996; Boquet et al., 1997). Strip-till (ST) is the most common conservation tillage system in the southeastern USA, N ha Ϫ1 ) in the form of ammonium nitrate (34-0-0 of N-P-K). The CT and ST sections in cotton were imposed following the Published in Agron. J. 97:288-293 (2005).

Summary. The aim of the application of a PRP SOL complex of MIP bioactive compounds is to improve the soil characteristics by unblocking the potential of the nutrients in the soil and making them available to plants. This fertilizer is used for soil fertilization rather than crop nutrition. The research focused on evaluation of the yield of spring barley after the application of the PRP SOL technology in the fields of the Research and Education Center Gorzyń, at the Experimental Station in Złotniki, in 2007 to 2011. The purpose of the research was to compare the effects of spring barley fertilization technology by applying a complex of MIP bioactive compounds in the form of a PRP SOL fertilizer with the standard technology applying phospho-potassium fertilization. The five years of the research led to the conclusion that the traditional fertilization of spring barley plantations with phosphorus and potassium can be replaced with the technology applying the MIP complex without grain yield losses. However, the yield was not stable between years. In one of the five research years (2007) there was a significant increase (by 3.7 dt•ha -1 ), and in another (2010) a significant decrease (by 3.2 dt•ha -1 ) as a result of fertilizer use. The PRP SOL fertilizer may be particularly useful for malting barley due to the favourable increase in the share of lush grain fractions (larger than 2.5 mm) and simultaneous decrease in the share of smaller grains and due to the fact that the weight of 1 hl tends to decrease whereas the thousand grain weight tends to increase.

A field experiment was carried out in the years 2012–2018 in Poland in a split-plot design. The aim of the study was to determine the long-term effect of legumes as forecrops on the productivity of rotation with nitrogen fertilization. The rotation included: legumes + spring barley (SB), winter rape (WR), winter wheat (WW) and winter wheat. The study was conducted as a two-factorial field experiment with four replications. The present study showed that legumes as forecrops increased the yield of all after-harvest crops in rotation. Yielding of these crops also depended on nitrogen fertilization and position in the rotation. After comparison of the influence of nitrogen fertilization on yield of cereals, it was observed that the effect of this factor was greater for WW cultivated in the fourth year of rotation than for WW cultivated in the third year of rotation. In relation with control, each dose of nitrogen fertilization caused a significant increase of WR and cereals yield, but the dose of 180 kg N/ha did not increase yield significantly in comparison to the dose of 120 kg N/ha. There was also negative agronomic N-efficiency observed between doses of 120–180 kg N/ha, which means that it is not necessary to use 180 kg N/ha, especially if there are legumes in crop rotation.

A one-factor field experiment with white lupin cv. Butan was conducted in the years 2011 Poland). The factor consisted of farming systems: low-input (LI), medium-input (MI) and high-input (conventional-CONV). The lowest weed density and biomass were found in CONV and the highest in LI. The weather conditions significantly influenced yielding. Each year the highest yield was found in CONV and significantly lowest in LI. On an average, the highest increase in the seed yield was obtained following increasing intensity of cultivation from LI to MI (20.3%). Farming systems did not influence the chemical composition of seeds. The highest protein yield was found in CONV (804 kg ha -1 ) and significantly lower -by about 6% in MI and about 19% in LI. The highest income and the lowest cost of production for 1 t of seeds and protein were recorded for LI.