The effects of goal setting by supervisors on four performance criteria were investigated. A factor analysis of a questionnaire administered to 292 pulpwood producers indicated that goal setting is correlated with high productivity and a low number of injuries only when it is accompanied by supervision. Goal setting without immediate supervision was related to employee turnover. Supervision alone did not correlate with any performance criterion. No relationship was found between the two job behaviors and absenteeism. The factor analysis results pertaining to productivity were partially corroborated in a second study involving data collected from 892 additional producers.

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THE literature reviews by Ronan and Prien on criterion development (1966) and organization characteristics and performance (1968) propose a model for the study of individual performance behavior which includes essentially three elements ; the individual and his capability and motivations, the characteristics of the setting, and the tasks to which the individual directs his attention or which constitute the job. The model has as its focal point performance behavior within organizational systems and uses the concepts of dynamic interaction and balanced goal achievement in the organization as an open system. It should be sufficient a t this point and in this context to simply indicate that the job in its many facets is one of the considerations necessary to the comprehension of individual performance behavior.The scope of this review is not limited to the research literature dealing with the definitions and measurement of work and of necessity touches some areas tangential and peripheral to the main theme. As such, Some of the literature in sociology and anthropology is related to the complete understanding of what constitutes work in modern society.The review is organized into sections covering the historical, cultural, and societal etiological determinants of what constitute work. Second, the methodological approaches to the analysis of 1The literature survey for this review was

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