A03 ,051-075 A M 1076-1M) 4 A05 < 101-125 A06 i126-150 A07 , 't91-175 MY)

Production of synthetic fuels will increase in the next two decades due to competitive economics and the world market for petroleum derived fuels. Increasing demand for synfuels has resulted in the need to determine the impact that synfuels production may exert on the environment. In particular, the goal of this program is to determine how to mitigate spills of synfuels and synfuel intermediaries. This chapter estimates synfuels production through the year 2000, and identifies, based on case histories, the synfuels most likely to be spilled. This information will be useful in evaluating cleanup methodologies. Synthetic fuels are derived from oil shale, coal, tar sands, and biomass. This paper offers production projections for shale oil, directly and indirectly liquified coal, tar sands syncrude, ethanol, and methanol. Direct coal liquefaction processes include solvent refined coal (SRC) II, Exxon donor solvent (EDS), and H-coal. Indirect coal liquefaction processes include Fisher-Tropsch, M-gasoline, and methanol formation. Significant amounts of methanol will probably be made through coal liquefaction.

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This repon was prepat4 as an account of werk sponxrred by the Unlred Stat= Government. Neither the U n i d Stata nor the Deprrtrnent of Energy. nor any of their employees, nor any at their contractors, subcontnctm, or their cmploper, mker any warranty. express or implled, or assumes any legal liability or rerpomiblltty for the accuracy, completew or uufulness of any Information, apparatus, pmdun or pr-csr discloled, or reptcsenu t k t in ux wwld nor Lnfringc privately owned rights. The views. opinion5 md c d u s i m s mnuimd ifi this report a n those af the cantractor and do nat necessarily nprcrnt thme of rhc United 5ntn Covernrnent or the Unitd S t a m Department d Energy. PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORY operated by BArrEL tE lor the UNIT ED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Under Contract EY-7&C-06-7830 h i d h t k united 5trtrr d Amcrlu hvaiiddc hwn Nrtkrvl T & h l lnfomutlar kruim Unktd Yatn DrpmmMi d C o m m r a ~P o n R g d R o r d SFIvirgin* urn m a 54.00 ozd.osQ W.W m1-m S s U m 7 0 0 &W Hn.225 #.so 1&1W Y.15 151-175 Is.W 1 7 b m Hat rm-2n IP.B 2a-fY1 IOjO ar-m s~o.7r n€-300 s11.m P a c i f i c Northwest Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 SUMMARYA study was undertaken using ljta-at~it-e information sources to evaluate land disposal and underground injection for the disposal of shale oil wastewaters. Land disposal u t i l i z e s the interactions between plants and the soil surface and matrix t o renovate wastewater for discharge to groundwater or surface waters. Underground injection i s an alternative disposal method for wastewaters t h a t are e i t h e r too expensive t c t r e a t or cannot be adequately treated by conventional processes.

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