This project was conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in support of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Building Energy Codes Program (BECP). DOE's BECP supports the upgrading of the building energy codes and standards, and the states' adoption, implementation, and enforcement of those codes and standards as they are incrementally upgraded. Building energy codes and standards set minimum requirements for energy-efficient design and construction for new and renovated buildings, and impact energy use and emissions for the life of buildings. They are part of a broader set of documents which govern the design and construction of buildings for the health and life safety of occupants. Energy codes and standards set a baseline for energy efficiency in construction by establishing minimum energy-efficiency requirements. Improving these documents generates consistent and longlasting energy savings.When the model energy codes and standards for buildings are being updated, BECP reviews the technical and economic basis of these documents. For commercial and multi-family high-rise residential buildings, which are the subject of this report, the basis for the energy codes is the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 1 Standard 90.1.

The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in tree stems of Pacific Northwest, USA coastal forests and evaluate various tree and site characteristics along river‐to‐sea gradients as possible drivers of tree stem GHG variation. We measured the concentration of CH4, CO2, and N2O during summer and winter in live and dead tree stems of five species from six coastal watersheds and related this to soil porewater GHG concentrations, porewater salinity, and tree characteristics. Overall, average pCO2 and pCH4 were elevated above atmospheric concentration, and average pN2O was slightly below atmospheric concentration. Stem pCO2 was higher in the summer than the winter and was higher in angiosperm trees compared to gymnosperm trees, whereas pCH4 was significantly higher in fresh upstream compared to salt‐influenced reaches. Stem pCH4 was also positively correlated with porewater pCH4 in contrast to other GHGs. The above results suggest that tree stem pCH4 in these coastal settings was primarily controlled by soil linkages, pCO2 was primarily regulated by tree physiology, and factors controlling pN2O remain unclear.

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This report was completed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Energy Codes Program. DOE supports the development and adoption of energy efficient and cost-effective residential and commercial building energy codes. These codes set the minimum requirements for energy efficient building design and construction and ensure energy savings on a national level. This report focuses on enhancements to prototype building models used to determine the energy impact of various versions of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 1 Standard 90.1 (herein referred to as Standard 90.1).

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