The present research paper examines the techniques of shifts, as proposed by Catford (1965), and modulation, as proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), adopted by Ahmed Khaled Tawfik in his translation of Palahniuk’s Fight Club. Accordingly, this paper seeks to detect the examples of modulation and the types of shifts employed, the reasons for their adoption and the most frequently used techniques of translation between English, the source language, and Arabic, the target language. The findings illustrate that all types of shifts are employed with a noteworthily frequent use of structure shifts, both optional or obligatory and argues about the structural divergence between English and Arabic. There are not so many modulation examples. It seems that Tawfik tries largely to adhere to the source text with some optional shifts so as not to appear as a translator who practises purely literal translation. This paper’s value lies in its detailed examination of Tawfik’s technique, drawing attention to the differences between English and Arabic language systems.   Received: 11 December 2022 / Accepted: 11 February 2023 / Published: 5 March 2023

Global warming is one of the most concerning problems in today’s world, especially since the early decades of the 21st century. Several scientists, as well as writers, have attempted to illuminate the negative consequences of climate change in their work. In addition, climate fiction has emerged as an important type of science fiction to investigate and raise awareness about anthropogenic climate change. Kim Stanley Robinson, an American science fiction writer whose oeuvre includes climate fiction, has produced several works that focus on illuminating the catastrophic consequences of anthropogenic climate change. His 2017 novel New York 2140 is a case in point. This paper aims to elucidate the effects of climate change on human life. As an example of "Anthropocene" fiction, New York 2140 is also concerned with showing the intricate relation between capitalism, politics, and the environment. In addition, this paper intends to show how Robinson, in his novel, does not only focus on magnifying the negative consequences of global warming but also on how his utopian perspective is revealed by his depiction of how people adapt successfully to this catastrophe.   Received: 1 December 2022 / Accepted: 12 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023

The catastrophic September 11, 2001 events did not only mark a new epoch in contemporary world history, but also ushered in the beginning of a new phase in literary history. It signaled the demise of postmodernism, which flourished during the period from 1960s to 1990s, and inaugurated a new phase in American fiction referred to by some critics as postpostmodernism, late postmodernism or new realism. A study of Franzen's Freedom (2010) reveals it as a post-postmodernist novel which attempts to depict the post 9/11 American society. This paper attempts to show that the black irony or cynical detachment of the long acclaimed postmodernism can no longer represent the post 9/11 reality. It also tries to show that human experience could no longer be rendered through fragmented characters or plotless narrative. A study of Freedom reveals Franzen"s adoption of several devices that are characteristic of postpostmodernism in addition to employing other devices that pertain to postmodernism.

cultural exchange which, in turn, provides a chance for a better communication among the members of different cultures involved in that process. Welz explains that "cultural barriers are much more difficult to fix, let alone map on to territorial divides, as communication channels transgress and migrant communities routinely cross them" (38). Shedding light on the unique nature of transculturation, Sommer argues that it ascribes a positive connotation to cultural hybridity, cosmopolitan globalisation and ethnic fragmentation while establishing them as counter models to exclusively national or ethnic identities. Therefore transcultural concepts are marked by a utopia moment: they develop optimistic counter approaches to the 'classic' models of multicultural assimilation and alteration to the extent of approaching visions of dissolution of fixed cultural identities. (qtd. in Sissy Helff, "Shifting Perspectives: The Transcultural Novel" 80) Sales adds: transculturation, the in-between third space, emerges as a productive way for the borderline experience of contact between cultures, both in life and in fiction, where the negotiation of differences, sometimes incommensurable, may create a complex tension that could also grow into a strategy of cultural survival: beyond polarizations, against the grain of the rhetoric of binarism, from a creative inbetween transcultural space of communicative bridging. (88) Bhabha"s "Third Space," Pratt"s "Contact Zone" and Soueif"s "Mezzaterra" embody the "utopia moment" suggested in Sommer"s words. The three concepts reflect the attempts of the writers to overcome cultural differences. The short stories of both Soueif and Lahiri depict the cultural encounter experience. Their protagonists negotiate their identities to resolve cultural tensions in order to survive in a world of acute binarism. Various theories have been proposed to approach cultural encounters and how they affect identity formation. Challenging colonial