In this study, 23 Salmonella isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from human fecal samples obtained during 2010 from local hospitals and clinical laboratories in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The bacteria were cultured, serotyped and biochemically characterized by the analytical profiling index (API 20E). The invA and hilA gene primers were selected specifically for the detection of Salmonella to amplify a 284 and 845 bp DNA fragments, respectively. Only 3 isolates out of 23 were not identified or typed neither by API 20E nor serological tests. One of these isolates (S5) had 98% sequence similarity with the invA gene sequences of Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2, 14028S and SL1344. The results showed that invA or hilA PCRs specificity was 66.6% compared to API 20E and serology for Salmonella enterica identification in clinical specimens. The PCR assays compared to both biochemical and serological tests were able to specifically detect all of 23 Salmonella isolates (100% sensitivity).

The present research paper examines the techniques of shifts, as proposed by Catford (1965), and modulation, as proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), adopted by Ahmed Khaled Tawfik in his translation of Palahniuk’s Fight Club. Accordingly, this paper seeks to detect the examples of modulation and the types of shifts employed, the reasons for their adoption and the most frequently used techniques of translation between English, the source language, and Arabic, the target language. The findings illustrate that all types of shifts are employed with a noteworthily frequent use of structure shifts, both optional or obligatory and argues about the structural divergence between English and Arabic. There are not so many modulation examples. It seems that Tawfik tries largely to adhere to the source text with some optional shifts so as not to appear as a translator who practises purely literal translation. This paper’s value lies in its detailed examination of Tawfik’s technique, drawing attention to the differences between English and Arabic language systems.   Received: 11 December 2022 / Accepted: 11 February 2023 / Published: 5 March 2023

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This study adopted a corpus-based, contrastive approach to lexical complexity in the academic writing of first language (L1) and second language (L2) postgraduates. Lexical complexity scores were extracted using the Lexical Complexity Analyzer from the Corpus of Arab Proficient Users of English (CAPUE), consisting of Saudi academics’ dissertations in applied linguistics. To investigate the potential differences between this corpus and native speakers’ corpus, the lexical complexity of writing material from the CAPUE and Corpus of English Native Speakers (CENS) were compared. The computational system employed 25 lexical complexity measures to investigate differences in the two groups’ lexical density, sophistication, and variation. The results revealed similar lexical density in the writing of both groups; however, the texts by L1 researchers were more lexically complex for most measures of sophistication and variation. The results have implications for teaching English for academic purposes and highlights areas with inappropriate lexical choices. These findings call for the design of pedagogical interventions to enhance the lexical complexity development of L2 postgraduates.