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Plants dynamically synchronize their flowering time with changes in the internal and external environments through a variety of signaling pathways to maximize fitness. In the last two decades, the major pathways associated with flowering, including the photoperiod, vernalization, age, autonomous, gibberellin (GA), and ambient temperature pathways, have been extensively analyzed. In recent years, an increasing number of signals, such as sugar, thermosensory, stress, and certain hormonal signals, have been shown to be involved in fine-tuning flowering time. Among these signals, the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway has a function in the determination of flowering time that has not been systematically summarized. In this review, we present an overview of current knowledge of the JA control of flowering and discuss JA crosstalk with other signals (such as GA, defense, and touch) during the floral transition.

A fast and efficient protocol which is associated with readily available starting materials, mild conditions, excellent yields, and a broad range of the products in synthetic chemistry, was established for synthesis of quinoxaline, benzoxazine, and benzothiazine derivatives in water under catalyst-free conditions.

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of dicyandiamide in dairy products was developed. The sample was extracted by acetonitrile, separated on an XBridge Amide column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 3.5 microm) using acetonitrile-water (90/10, v/v) containing 0.2% (v/v) formic acid as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and determined by a photodiode array detector at the wavelength of 218 nm. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.5 - 50 mg/L with the correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.999 9. The recoveries were from 96.7% to 101.0% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 4.5% to 4.9% (n = 6). The limit of detection was 0.2 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.5 mg/kg. The method is simple, sensitive, accurate and precise for the determination of dicyandiamide in dairy products.