The addition of cyanide ion to N-alkoxy-quaternary salts of pyridines, quinolines and iso quinoline has been found to yield the corresponding cyano-substituted heterocycles under very mild reaction conditions. The reaction offers a new route to cyanopyridines, and supplements the Reissert and Kaufmann reactions in the quinoline and isoquinoline series.

The differentiation between vinylindole and bisindole formation appears to be the result of a combination of electronic and steric effects on the relative rates with which the probable intermediate, the indolenine I, undergoes tautomerization to a vinylindole or alkylation by an indole to yield a bisindole.

A new dual image, aqueous developable photoresist can be processed to yield either positive or negative images that are crosslinked and thermally stable to temperatures >300°C. Positive images have similar resolution and processing parameters to conventional positive novolak resists. Negative resists from this system have a number of new and interesting properties that surpass the capabilities of their positive counterparts. In addition to producing highly resolved submicron images, thick coatings of resist can be used to form images with high aspect ratios. By adjusting the exposure of the resist, images with inward sloping wall profiles can be realized. As a result of the images being crosslinked and Insoluble in the resist coating solution, images can be recoated and new images formed over the top of existing patterns to form structures. A hypothetical mechanism that suggests that resist defects caused by dust on the mask or photoresist surface can be reduced In negative mode processing is also presented.

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