In this paper, the results of a benchmark test launched within the framework of the NSF–PIRE project “Modelling of Flood Hazards and Geomorphic\ud Impacts of Levee Breach and Dam Failure” are presented. Experiments of two-dimensional dam-break flows over a sand bed were conducted at\ud Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. The water level evolution at eight gauging points was measured as well as the final bed topography.\ud Intense scour occurred close to the failed dam, while significant deposition was observed further downstream. From these experiments, a benchmark\ud was proposed to the scientific community, consisting of blind test simulations, that is, without any prior knowledge of the measurements. Twelve\ud different teams of modellers from eight countries participated in the study. Here, the numerical models used in this test are briefly presented. The results\ud are commented upon, in view of evaluating the modelling capabilities and identifying the challenges that may open pathways for further research

N-Halamine grafted halloysite nanotubes (N-halamine@HNTs) were used as an antibacterial agents to fabricate polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) hybrid membranes. N-Halamine@HNTs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS).The chemical compositions, storage modulus, tan d, morphology and performance of the membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR-FTIR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), water contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), overall porosity and pore size measurements. The results showed that the hydrophilicity of the membranes was improved greatly after adding N-halamine@HNTs. Water flux of the hybrid membrane could reach as high as 248.3 L m À2 h À1 when the content of N-halamine@HNTs was 1.0 wt%. In addition, the antibacterial test indicated that the hybrid membranes showed good antibacterial activity against E. coli.

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