Theory and simulation suggest the existence of an E ×B staircase in the plasma core consisting of a series of nested m/n = 0/0 E×B shear layers that regulate turbulent transport across the layers together with mesoscale transport events occurring between them. Here, we show evidence for these phenomena in HL-2A L-mode discharges. Both high resolution electron cyclotron emission Te profiles and frequency modulated continuous wave reflectometer ne profiles show multiple gradient corrugations. The analysis of simultaneous poloidally and radially separated beam emission spectroscopy turbulent density fluctuation measurements over most of the minor radius of the plasma provides the evidence of eddy tilting and propagation direction reversals largely coincident with the profile corrugations, with long-range transport events occurring between these locations. The results provide significant additional evidence for the existence of an E × B staircase that influences particle and heat transport in L-mode discharges.

This study proposes a scattering database method to model gas–solid interaction based on a database of distributions of scattering velocity obtained by a molecular dynamics simulation. The proposed method is used as the boundary condition in the direct simulation Monte Carlo method to simulate hypersonic flow over a rounded wedge at different Knudsen numbers (Kn). The effects of different wall models [e.g., the scattering database method and the Cercignani–Lampis–Lord (CLL) model] on the flow simulation were compared and analyzed. When Kn ≥ 1, the results based on the CLL model are evidently different from those of the scattering database model, where this difference increases with the degree of rarefication of flow. The mechanism of this discrepancy is such that when the flow is rarefied, a large number of freestream molecules from the far-field directly collide with the wall. In particular, near the stagnation point, the tangential reflection kinetic energy of freestream molecules is amplified due to the conversion of their normal incident kinetic energy. The scattering feature of this conversion is challenging to reproduce based on the theoretical framework of the CLL model. Still, a specific local parameter can describe the ratio of this conversion. Therefore, compared with the traditional wall model, the scattering database method can show more detailed scattering features and, hence, could be a promising tool for the study of gas–solid interaction in hypersonic rarefied flow.

Infrared imaging diagnostic method for two-dimensional calorimetric diagnostics has been developed for intense pulsed electron beam (IPEB). By using a 100-μm-thick tungsten film as the infrared heat sink for IPEB, the emitting uniformity of the electron source can be analyzed to evaluate the efficiency and stability of the diode system. Two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element method heat transfer simulation, combined with Monte Carlo calculation, was performed for error estimation and optimization of the method. The test of the method was finished with IPEB generated by explosive emission electron diode with pulse duration (FWHM) of 80 ns, electron energy up to 450 keV, and a total beam current of over 1 kA. The results showed that it is possible to measure the cross-sectional energy density distribution of IPEB with energy sensitivity of 0.1 J/cm(2) and spatial resolution of 1 mm. The technical details, such as irradiation protection of bremsstrahlung γ photons and the functional extensibility of the method were discussed in this work.

For tokamak plasma diagnostics, an ultrafast reciprocating probe system driven by magnetic field coils, achieving a maximum velocity of 21 m/s, is introduced. The probes are attached with a driving hoop made of carbon steel and accelerated by three acceleration coils in series, then decelerated by two deceleration coils and buffer springs and return slowly. The coils with a current of about 1 kA generate a magnetic field of about 1 T. This probe system has been tested on the SUNIST (Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak) spherical tokamak. Radial profiles of the floating potential and other plasma parameters measured by this probe system are given.

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