Introduction: Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are living longer and at risk of non-communicable diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Both HIV and DM place patients at risk of peripheral neuropathy (PN). Our aim was to demonstrate the prevalence and characteristics of PN in our population of patients with HIV infection compared with concomitant HIV and DM. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed at the Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Data were collected on demographics and characteristics of DM and HIV. Symptoms and signs of PN were evaluated by Neuropathy Symptom Score, Neuropathy Disability Score, and 10 g monofilament testing.Results: Two groups were recruited, each consisting of 68 patients: (1) HIV only, (2) HIV and DM. The median age of patients was 51 years ) and 55% were male. Median duration for HIV was 10 years (IQR 5-12) with a median CD4 count of 524 cells/mm 3 (IQR 369-731). Median duration for DM was 1 year with a median glycosylated hemoglobin of 6.7% ). Sixty-nine percent of patients with HIV had suppressed viral loads, and 9 patients (6.6%) had a history neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy use. PN was detected in 11 (16%) HIV-only patients, and in 17 (25%) participants who had both HIV and DM (Fisher exact test chi-square = 0.4). Univariate analysis demonstrated older age, high body mass index, and long duration of HIV were associated with an OR of 1.07 (95% CI 1.02-1.11), 1.21 (95% CI 0.46-3.11), and 1.07 (95% CI 0.99-1.15) in the overall group, respectively. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a higher but non-significant prevalence of PN in patients with both HIV and DM when compared to HIV alone. HIV disease control had no association with PN presence.

Primary malignant melanoma occurs frequently on the skin and is rare in people of African ancestry. The rectal region is an unusual site for non-cutaneous melanoma. We report a case of a 58-year- old African woman presenting to a Kenyan hospital with lower abdominal pain and per rectal bleeding for three months, who underwent a colonoscopy that showed a rectal polypoid mass at the anorectal region. Histology of the mass showed pigmented pleomorphic cells which had positive stains for melanoma markers. Staging workup performed, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis and positron emission tomography (PET) - computed tomography (CT), showed regional lymph node involvement but no evidence of distant metastases. Surgery was recommended to the patient but she died eight months after the diagnosis. The case illustrates that primary rectal melanoma, though rare in Africans, is an aggressive disease which can be easily misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids or rectal adenocarcinoma.

Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare disease characterized by the obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. Stepwise treatment options aimed to relieve obstruction and prevent complications of Budd-Chiari syndrome are medical therapy, interventional recanalization, and surgery. Aggressive interventions for complicated Budd-Chiari syndrome are placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, surgical shunting, or liver transplantation. Although literature suggests differences in the presentation and management between Europe and Asia, cases documenting successful use of stepwise management of Budd-Chiari syndrome in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. A 47-year-old male on treatment for chronic hepatitis B presented with abdominal pain and distension for 2 weeks and findings of gross ascites without stigmata of chronic liver disease. Laboratory investigations performed showed anemia, elevated transaminases, coagulopathy, and renal dysfunction. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography abdominal scan revealed filling defects in intrahepatic veins and inferior vena cava extending to bilateral renal and external iliac veins. Extensive workup for thrombophilia and myeloproliferative disorders was negative. The diagnosis was hepatic dysfunction secondary to inferior vena cava obstruction due to a thrombus in the setting of extensive inferior vena cava thrombosis, and heparin was initiated. However, due to lack of recanalization with anticoagulation, we performed aspiration thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, and local thrombolysis. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure was subsequently done due to hepatic venous congestion and refractory ascites. He was discharged on oral anticoagulation. Imaging exams performed 4 months later showed patent inferior vena cava and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, good flows in the portal vein and resolution of ascites.

Background. Intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) constitutes less than 5% of overall cases of extrapulmonary disease and mostly affects the ileocecal region. The presentation and radiologic findings in enteric tuberculosis can mimic Crohn’s disease (CD). Case Presentation. We present a case report of an African woman who presented to a Kenyan hospital with lower gastrointestinal bleeding while on anticoagulation for valvular atrial fibrillation, and was diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis after colonoscopy, biopsy, and positive staining for tuberculous bacilli. Conclusion. Intestinal tuberculosis causing gastrointestinal bleeding is rare but should be suspected in patients living in TB endemic regions.