The surface contamination of electrical insulators can increase the electrical conductivity of these components, which may lead to faults in the electrical power system. During inspections, ultrasound equipment is employed to detect defective insulators or those that may cause failures within a certain period. Assuming that the signal collected by the ultrasound device can be processed and used for both the detection of defective insulators and prediction of failures, this study starts by presenting an experimental procedure considering a contaminated insulator removed from the distribution line for data acquisition. Based on the obtained data set, an offline time series forecasting approach with an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was conducted. To improve the time series forecasting performance and to reduce the noise, Wavelet Packets Transform (WPT) was associated to the ANFIS model. Once the ANFIS model associated with WPT has distinct parameters to be adjusted, a complete evaluation concerning different model configurations was conducted. In this case, three inference system structures were evaluated: grid partition, fuzzy c-means clustering, and subtractive clustering. A performance analysis focusing on computational effort and the coefficient of determination provided additional parameter configurations for the model. Taking into account both parametrical and statistical analysis, the Wavelet Neuro-Fuzzy System with fuzzy c-means showed that it is possible to achieve impressive accuracy, even when compared to classical approaches, in the prediction of electrical insulators conditions.
This paper is intended to perform a comparative and qualitative review among eight tools to measure energy sustainability. Therefore, it was necessary to create a theoretical and conceptual framework based on four criterias of selection and six categories of comparison. In this work, the conceptual bases that supported the research and the methodology created to carry out the comparative review will be presented. This analysis was based on the intrinsic concepts of energy sustainability of each of the reviewed tools with a critical qualitative analysis. Some conclusions shown through the conceptual framework developed that it was possible to apply an innovative methodology to qualitatively compare different tools to measure sustainability. The importance of this reflects the difficulty of conceptualizing the subjectivity of sustainable development, as shown throughout the paper, where it is often not possible to obtain a measurable result since the measured phenomenon is too complex to reduce it to a numerical value.
A preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente e a necessidade de diversificação da matriz energética são alguns dos fatores que têm impulsionado a busca por energias alternativas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho analisou o processo de digestão anaeróbia de resíduos alimentares provenientes de um restaurante popular, observando o potencial bioquímico da geração de metano. O experimento consistiu no uso de reatores anaeróbios em regime batelada com volume de 250 mL, sendo 150 mL de volume útil à geração de biogás (headspace) e 100 mL remanescente preenchido nas proporções de 1:1 de substrato:inoculo, em relação ao teor de sólidos voláteis (gSVinoculo:gSVsubstrato). Os reatores foram operados por 30 dias sob temperatura constante em 30°C. Os resultados obtidos apresentam o teor de sólidos voláteis dos resíduos alimentares de 85,21% e uma relação C/N de 18,81. Foi possível alcançar uma produção específica de metano de 0,311 Nm³.kgSVr-1 e reduções de 23,58% para SV e de 81,27% para DQO.
RESUMOAtravés da constante busca pela redução da dependência do petróleo para fins energéticos, associados aos benefícios ambientais e sócio políticos, destaca-se o etanol como o biocombustível com maior capacidade de inserção no mercado, devido principalmente a variedade de matérias primas renováveis com características químicas capazes de sintetizar esse combustível, e também pela relativa facilidade de operação do processo bioquímico adotado para a produção, definido como fermentação alcoólica. Dessa forma o presente estudo apresenta a resposta de parâmetros significativamente relevantes no processo de fermentação, visando a produção de etanol, adotando como matéria prima o caldo da cana de açúcar. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:biocombustível; fermentação alcoólica. INTRODUÇÃOObserva-se nas últimas décadas o constante aumento na utilização de petróleo para fins energéticos, incluindo os combustíveis minerais utilizados para movimentar o setor de transporte, tais como a gasolina e o óleo diesel (transporte pessoal e de cargas). Paralelamente à elevada demanda por energia a base de petróleo, no contexto atual, relevam-se os problemas/impactos ambientais, principalmente relacionados a extração mineral, que trata-se de um impacto ambiental irreversível, e a poluição atmosférica proveniente da queima desses combustíveis, associados a
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