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A comparison was made of van't Hoff i values calcqlated from hemolytic and freezing point data for various salts of gluconic acid. Sodium, potassium, and maoganese(I1) gluconates gave higher i values by the hemolytic method than by the freezing point depression method; iron (11) and cobalt (11) gluconates gave lower i values by the hemolytic method. Magnesium and calcium gluconates gave higher i values by the hemolytic method with human erythrocytes but not with rabbit erythrocytes. luconate gave extremely high hemolytic i values due to the partial precipitation otthe oxyhemoglobin liberated from laked erythroTes. Hemolytic i values of the gluconates were generally lowered whra determine in the presence of sodium chloride. Erythrocytes from Negro donors were, on the average, more resistant to osmotic hemolysis than those from Caucasian donors. Results substantiate the premise that solutions calculated to be isc ;motic with blood according to colligative property data are not necessarily isotot-'a fo, the red corpuscle. Zinc HE ADJUSTMENT of solutions intended for T intravenous administration to the same tonicity as blood is of utmost importance. The advantages of employing the hemolytic method in the preparation of such solutions have been emphasized by Husa and co-workers (1-i). They pointed out that the osmotic effect of a substance on the erythrocyte depends not only on the concentration of the substance but also on whether or not it penetrates or affects the properties of the cell membrane. Thus, solutions calculated to be isosmotic with blood according to physicochemical data are not necessarily isotonic to the red blood cell.Cadwallader and Husa (8) recently reported that zinc acetate gave unusually high hemolytic i values, much beyond that calculated from colligative property data. Their work complemented that of Hartman and Husa (4), who found similarly high hemolytic i values fur zinc sulfate.The primary purpose of the present work was to investigate the elements closely related to zinc in the periodic table to determine whether or not their action paralleled that of zinc. Added interest in the investigation was stimulated by the fact that these elements, i. e., copper, cobalt, iron, and manganese, along with zinc are socalled "trace elements," essential to human nutrition. To obtain a comparative picture of the activities of these elements, they were all employed as salts of gluconic acid. Sodium, po-* Received May 9, 1959, from the College of Pharmacy, University of Florida. Gainesville.This paper is based in part upon a dissertation presented to the Graduate Coundl of the University of Florida by Howard C. Ansel, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

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