No abstract

The frontal image on the Shroud of Turin is shown to be consistent with a body shape covered with a naturally draping cloth in the sense that image shading can be derived from a single global mapping function of distance between these two surfaces. The visible image on the Shroud does not appear to be the work of an artist in an eye/brain/hand coordination sense nor does it appear to be the result of direct contact only, diffusion, radiation from a body shape or engraving, dabbing powder on a bas-relief, or electrostatic imaging. The visible image on the Shroud is probably not the result of a hot bas-relief impressed into cloth, but such a mechanism seems capable of accounting for the Shroud image's distance correlation, resolution, and similar chemical structure. It does not simultaneously account for (1) the 3-D image residing on one side of the Shroud, (2) observed lateral image distortions (consistent with a draping cloth over a body shape), or. (3) expected thermal perturbations associated with physically thick superimposed blood images. A complex mechanism involving more than one process may account for some of the Shroud image's characteristics, but potential inconsistencies in shading continuity, cloth contact, lateral distortions, and pressure independence may exist.

The effects of 34 hr of continuous wakefulness on flight performance, instrument scanning, subjective fatigue, and EEG activity were measured. Ten fixed-wing military pilots flew a series of 10 simulator profiles, and root mean squared error was calculated for various flight parameters. Ocular scan patterns were obtained by magnetic head tracking and infrared eye tracking. Flying errors peaked after about 24 to 28 hr of continuous wakefulness in line with peaks in subjective fatigue and EEG theta activity, and they were not directly attributable to degradation of instrument scanning, which was very consistent across pilots and largely unaffected by the sleep deprivation.

No abstract

Increase in the length of the semicircular canal is associated with greater sensitivity to rotational stimuli. Highly maneuverable birds of prey have the largest overall canal dimensions relative to body mass, most plausibly to match the rapid body rotations that characterize variable speed maneuvering during pursuit. By comparison, the semicircular canals in humans are relatively smaller and lack the adaptive morphological asymmetry in agile flying species. This teleological symmetry may present another inherent but less understood vestibular limitation during aerobatic maneuvers, which could lead to spatial disorientation.Cheung B, Ercoline W. Semicircular canal size and shape influence on disorientation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(8):744-748.