BACKGROUNDEndothelial dysfunction is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Endothelial dysfunction has been incriminated in the early pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is considered an early indicator of cardiovascular disease by dysregulation of vascular tone, growth, thrombogenicity, inflammation and the development of both micro-and macro-vascular disease states. Von Willebrand factor is a well-known marker of endothelial dysfunction. The objective of this study is to measure plasma levels of von Willebrand factor in type 2 DM patients and to compare with the normal subjects. Urinary albumin levels, which is also a marker of generalised endothelial dysfunction and a strong predictor for the development of both micro-and macro-vascular disease was also assessed in the two groups and its association with von Willebrand factor (vWF) was studied.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which usually arises from one cell (clonal) and has the characteristic of self renewal i.e ability to proliferate and differentiate into various styles of cells (potent). Depending upon the potencies there are different sources of stem cells. Pluripotent cells have the flexibility to differentiate into tissues from the three germ layers. There are various sources of stem cells with varying potencies. Pluripotent cells have the ability to differentiate into tissue from all 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). Multipotent stem cells may differentiate into tissue derived from a single germ layer like mesenchymal stem cells which form adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage thanks to the limited generation of most somatic cells, stem cells' capacity to replenish damaged somatic cells and maintain a self-renewing reservoir of progenitors is crucial for homeostasis in many tissues of the many organisms. Thus, there is an immense interest in understanding the mechanisms for self-renewal and differentiation in stem cells, given their potential applications in regenerative medicine and studies of human development or aging. This review article emphasizes on stem cells and its various types.

Prediabetes can also be termed as intermediate or borderline hyperglycaemia. These individuals were defined as having impaired fasting glucose IFG. Prediabetes is associated with oxidative stress predisposing the patients to an increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. Osteocalcin OCN is a protein that is secreted in large amounts in the bone extracellular matrix. OCN regulates Beta cell proliferation insulin gene expression and secretion suggesting a potential role in glucose metabolism and in the pathogenesis of glucose alterations in Type2 Diabetes mellitus T2DM physiopathology. Oxidative stress has an inhibitory role on osteoblast. Hence this study was carried out with a total of 80 male subjects within age group of 30-70 years containing 40 controls and 40 cases. Total antioxidant capacity TAC and OCN were evaluated in prediabetic and healthy subjects and were correlated among the study groups. This may lay a step mainly in early diagnosis of diabetes and prevent its complications.

D- dimer assays are most widely used in clinical practice to exclude a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. D- dimer assays vary in instrumentation, calibration standard, method of capture and antibody used. These differences impose significant influence on the characteristics of the assays during operation. In this review, we have outlined the general properties and limitations of different D-dimer assays and provided clinical perspective on the role of D-dimer test in the diagnosis and prognosis of venous thromboembolism.

Prediabetes can also be termed as intermediate or borderline hyperglycemia. These individuals were defined as having impaired fasting glucose IFG. Prediabetes is associated with oxidative stress predisposing the patients to an increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. Osteocalcin OCN is a protein that is secreted in large amounts in the bone extracellular matrix. OCN regulates Beta cell proliferation insulin gene expression and secretion suggesting a potential role in glucose metabolism and in the pathogenesis of glucose alterations in Type2Diabetes mellitus T2DM physiopathology. Oxidative stress has an inhibitory role on osteoblast.nbsp Hence this study was carried out with a total of 80 male subjects within age group of 30-70 years containing 40 controls and 40 cases.nbsp Total antioxidant capacity TAC and OCN were evaluated in prediabetic and healthy subjects and were correlated among the study groups. This may lay a step mainly in early diagnosis of diabetes and prevent its complications.