The development and world-wide spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have a high concern in the medicine, especially the extended-spectrum of beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). There are currently very limited effective antibiotics to treat infections caused by MDR bacteria. Peat-soil is a unique environment in which bacteria have to compete each other to survive, for instance, by producing antimicrobial substances. This study aimed to isolate bacteria from peat soils from South Kalimantan Indonesia, which capable of inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Isolates from peat soil were grown and identified phenotypically. The cell-free supernatant was obtained from broth culture by centrifugation and was tested by agar well-diffusion technique against non ESBL-producing E. coli ATCC 25922, ESBL-producing E. coli ATCC 35218, methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) ATCC 29,213 and MRSA ATCC 43300. Putative antimicrobial compounds were separated using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and purified using electroelution method. Antimicrobial properties of the purified compounds were confirmed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). In total 28 isolated colonies were recovered; three (25PS, 26PS, and 27PS) isolates produced proteins with strong antimicrobial activities against both reference strains. The substance of proteins from three isolates exerted strong antimicrobial activity against ESBL-producing E. coli ATCC 35,218 (MIC = 2,80 µg/mL (25PS), 3,76 µg/mL (26PS), and 2,41 µg/mL (27PS), and MRSA ATCC 43,300 (MIC = 4,20 µg/mL (25PS), 5,65 µg/mL (26PS), and 3,62 µg/mL (27PS), and also had the ability bactericidal properties against the reference strains. There were isolates from Indonesian peat which were potentials sources of new antimicrobials.

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Background: Visual disturbance can be caused by external factors, that is, the lack of outdoor activities and a positive correlation between the length of outdoor activities and vitamin D levels. The aim of this research was to examine the correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, sex and visual acuity.Methods: This research uses cross-sectional approach, conducted in junior high school 16,18 of Semarang. Purposive sampling method, the analysis is done the chi square test.Results: There is a correlation between sex and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at junior high school 16 (p=0.001, c=13.42) and junior high school 18 (p=0.001, c=13.42). There is a correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and visual acuity at junior high school 16 (p=0.302, c=4.868). There is no correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and visual acuity at Junior High School 18 (p=0.302, c=4.868).Conclusion: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is related to sex, 25-hydroxyvitamin D is correlated with a decrease in vision acuity. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is not correlated with a decrease in vision acuity.

Purpose: Myopia is a refraction error that may caused by corneal curvature (CC) anomaly. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene was determined to have an effect on CC. The purpose of this study was to find a correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in PDGFRA gene and early-onset myopia in South Sumatera tribes, a part of Indonesian ethnic group. Design: Using a random sampling method, population-based, case control study included 100 subjects aged 18-40 years from Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia. Methods: Visual acuity was measured by Snellen chart and CC was measured by manual keratometer. DNA sample from buccal swab was investigated with Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) PCR and visualized in agarose gel. Results: Median of CC for the right eye was 7.73 (7.07-8.63) mm and the left eye was 7.73 (7.04-8.69) mm. There was no difference between CC in myopic and normal subjects. Distribution of mutant allele in rs17084051, rs7677751, rs7682912, and rs2114039 were higher in myopic subject compare to those of normal control. Significant association between PDGFRA gene polymorphism and early-onset myopia was found only in rs17084051 (p = 0.009) and rs7677751 (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Mutant type allele A of rs17084051 and mutant type allele T of rs7677751 of PDGFRA gene polymorphism are associated with early-onset myopia in South Sumatera tribes in this study.

Most blood culture contaminants are Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), which are also the leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. To date, no research in Indonesia has analyzed the potential causes of a CoNS infection in the bloodstream. The goal of this research was to better understand who is at risk for developing a CONS-related bloodstream infection while in a hospital setting. Secondary data from the CONS blood culture results at Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang were used in this retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2016. The Vitek-2 Compact System (Biomerieux, USA) and the Kirby Bauer method (Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) of the USA) were used for the antibiotic identification and sensitivity testing, respectively. Multivariate with multiple logistic regressions and the Chi-Square test for categorical variables were used in the analysis. Among the study's 272 participants, 158 (58.1%) developed CONS-related bloodstream infections. Risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) bloodstream infection in 18-year-olds include preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), compromised immunity, malnutrition, immunosuppressive therapy, and peripheral intravenous use. Age >=18, malnutrition, and immunosuppression therapy all ranked high as risk factors in a multivariate analysis. Risk factors for CONS-causing bloodstream infections in people aged 18 include malnutrition and immunosuppressant therapy.