This article aimed at studying provisions in TRIPs AgreementSifat eksklusif HKI sering digunakan atau ditempatkan melebihi atau di atas kepentingan umum yang justru merupakan dasar pembenaran atau justifikasi pemberian hak eksklusif tersebut. Ketidakkonsistenan ini disebabkan oleh yang disebut Peter Drahos seb-1

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen terhadap Penerapan Batas Atas dan Batas Bawah Pembelian Tiket Pesawat berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM 14 Tahun 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kasus (case approach) dalam bentuk penelitian lapangan (field research). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen terhadap Penerapan Batas Atas dan Batas Bawah Pembelian Tiket Pesawat pada dasarnya telah diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM 78 Tahun 2017, bahwa maskapai yang melakukan pelanggaran terhadap ketetapan batas atas tarif maskapai penerbangan dapat dijatuhi sanksi. Namun dalam implementasinya, belum ada yang diberikan sanksi, meskipun telah ditemukan adanya pelanggaran terhadap aturan tentang batas atas tarif jasa penerbangan di Manokwari. Upaya hukum bagi konsumen dalam hal terdapat harga tiket pesawat yang tidak sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM 14 Tahun 2016 yakni dapat memberikan informasi atau laporan pengaduan dari masyarakat kepada dinas perindustrian dan perdagangan atau lembaga swadaya masyarakat yang bergerak dibidang perlindungan konsumen. Ganti kerugian yang berhak diterima apabila terbukti terdapat maskapai jasa penerbangan yang menetapkan tarif di luar ketentuan batas atas taris jasa penerbangan adalah ganti kerugian materil berupa selisih harga yang seharusnya dan kerugian imateril berupa bunga atas jumlah kerugian materil yang diderita konsumen.

The enforcement of foreign arbitral awards has been recognized and accepted internationally through the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. However, the Convention also allows the court where the enforcement is sought to refuse the enforcement of an award. However, it should be conducted in accordance with the refusal grounds stipulated in the Convention. The refusal grounds are restrictive and should be interpreted narrowly, overly broad interpretation of the refusal grounds provided by the Convention will make it inefficient. This paper discusses the implementation of judicial control of foreign arbitral awards in Indonesia. It seeks to find out whether the judicial control of foreign arbitral awards in Indonesia has been in line with the requirements of the New York Convention. It finds that judicial control of foreign arbitral awards made by Indonesia's judiciary sometimes could be considered not in line with the requirements of the New York Convention.

In terms of food or goods and their use, Islam commands its followers to eat and use good, holy, and clean ingredients. Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala says which means: "O mankind, eat what is lawful and good from what is on earth, and do not follow the steps of the devil, because indeed the devil is a real enemy for you." (Q.S. Al-Baqarah, 2:168). In other words, the concept of perfect and recommended food is “halal and good food.” Since the Covid-19 pandemic has spread throughout Indonesia, many have turned into traders to provide for themselves and their families due to mass layoffs. However, if you want to sell, you need to pay attention to the composition that will be used, because in Article 4 of Law Number 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee, which states "products that enter, circulate, and trade in Indonesian territory must be certified halal" and this article came into effect on October 17, 2019. However, there are still many MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) who do not have a halal certificate due to cost constraints. etc. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and find answers related to the effect of determining costs and procedures for obtaining a halal certificate on the ease of doing business for businessmen in Makassar City. This research is an empirical research, both quantitative data and qualitative data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study indicate that the determination of costs and procedures for obtaining a halal certificate greatly influences the ease of doing business for businessmen in Makassar City, especially MSME. Of the 60 MSME who have filled out this research questionnaire, 38 MSME (63.3%) admitted that determining the costs and procedures for obtaining a halal certificate was burdensome/complicated for MSME and 22 other MSME (36.7%) claimed to make it easier.

Increasingly expanding various actions that have been categorised as contempt of court, which threaten the authority of the court, it is necessary to regulate. The research method used is the normative legal method using statute, case, and conceptual approaches. This research is a legal study based on norms in force related to the contempt of court in existing regulations. The results show that all forms of actions that, in principle, disrupt safety, psychological and physical calm both inside and outside the trial, can be categorized as contempt of court. Although contempt of court has not been regulated clearly and firmly in statutory regulation many events can be classified as contempt of court. The scope of contempt of court in the justice system in Indonesia is very broad. The weighting of criminal sanctions is imposed based on the category of the seriousness of the crime committed by the defendant. Criminal weighting can be given if a crime fulfils special elements. Considering that the criminal justice process takes much time or is complex contempt of court can be used as a factor in increasing criminal sanction by the defendant so that there is no need for a new or separate criminal justice process to be held.