The experimental diets containing five levels of creatine supplementation, namely control (N = 0 g/kg creatine), B1 (1.00 g/kg glycine), B2 (0.40 g/kg creatine), B3 (0.80 g/kg creatine) and B4 (1.20 g/kg creatine) were tested to red tilapia up to apparent satiation 3 times a day for 56 days. After the feeding trial, fish were stressed by air exposure for challenge test against stress. The results described that creatine supplementation improved final body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein retention. Creatine supplementation decreased blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p < .05), indicating more effective usage of non‐protein energy. Furthermore, creatine supplementation also increased plasma insulin levels and upregulated IGF‐1 and GLUT4 gene expressions in the liver significantly; it also improved robustness against stress, which was shown by higher superoxide dismutase, higher postchallenge survival and plasma cortisol, malondialdehyde and lower glucose levels. In conclusion, creatine supplementation at a dose of 0.289–0.389 g/kg diet escalated fish growth and improved robustness against stress via improving the SOD activity in red tilapia.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of creatine and cysteamine supplementation on the growth performance, fillet quality and resistance to bacterial infection of Streptococcus agalactiae in red tilapia. Five types of experimental diet (quadruplicate) with the same energy and protein content were tested. These consist of N (negative control), A (0.5 g/kg cysteamine), B (0.4 g/kg creatine), C (0.5 g/kg cysteamine plus 0.4 g/kg creatine) and D (0.25 g/kg cysteamine plus 0.2 g/kg creatine). Male red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.), with average body weight of 49.51 ± 4.90 g, were kept in 175‐L tank at 10 fish/tank density for 56 days rearing period. The challenge test was carried out through injecting fish (body weight: 152.05 ± 12.2 g) with S. agalactiae 107 CFU/ml as much as 0.10 ml/fish. The results showed that treatment C (0.5 g/kg cysteamine plus 0.4 g/kg creatine) increased (p < 0.05) levels of protein retention, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the liver (p < 0.05), but decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver glycogen (p < 0.05). This last condition was followed by a decrease (p < 0.05) in plasma protein levels that resulted in a decline (p < 0.05) of water content and MDA of fillet after stored for 24 h. In addition, treatment C increased fish resistance to S. agalactiae infection, demonstrated by higher survival rate and lysozyme activity (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the treatment C boosts protein retention, fillet quality and robustness to pathogenic bacterial infections.

Selenoprotein is a feed additive that can overcome oxidative stress in intensive Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. This study evaluated the effects of selenoprotein supplementation at various doses on Pacific white shrimp’s digestibility, growth, and health performance. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design consisting of four feed treatments, namely, control and treatments with selenoprotein supplementation of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g kg feed-1 with four replications. Shrimps (1.5 g) were reared for 70 days and challenged for 14 days by the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (107 CFU mL-1). Shrimps used in the digestibility performance evaluation (6.1 g) were reared until sufficient quantities of feces were collected for analysis. Shrimp supplemented with selenoprotein exhibited superior digestibility, growth, and health performance compared to the control ( P < 0.05 ). The use of selenoprotein at a dose of 7.5 g kg of feed-1 (2.72 mg Se kg of feed-1) was considered the most effective for increasing productivity and preventing disease attacks in intensive shrimp culture.