Background: Nearly 1.7 million children suffer from diarrhoea and around 760,000 die each year. The high prevalence of diarrhoea in the developing countries is closely related to lack of safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and poor health and nutritional status. These environmental conditions facilitate the spread of infectious disease easily. The great morbidity and mortality of this preventable and treatable disease raise concern on how to save children from this fatal disease by improving management of diarrhoea. Several studies suggest that zinc deficiency contribute towards high morbidity and mortality in diarrhoea. Further, there is an area of uncertainty regarding how significant zinc supplementation will help to reduce the duration and severity of diarrhoea in children compared to the diarrhoea management without zinc? Objective: To critically analyse the current evidences of zinc supplementation in diarrhoea. Data Sources: Keywords searching through MEDLINE Ovid database and additional references from retrieved articles. Study Selection: Limited to randomized controlled trial(RCT) study design and systematic review studies which were conducted from 2006 to 2016. However, there is one prospective cohort study included as it is a follow-up of subjects who participated in the previous double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Data Synthesis: This review involves a summary of 10 articles that have been appraised on their relevance in evaluating the role of zinc in reducing severity and duration of diarrhoea in children. Further, the literature found is synthesised through method used in the studies and the effectiveness of zinc therapy Conclusion: Zinc is relatively safe to be used and it can improve diarrhoea management especially in developing countries. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.190-195

ABSTRAKNyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Anopheles aconitus merupakan beberapa vektor penting pada penyakit tropis di Indonesia, antara lain seperti penyakit demam berdarah dan malaria. Salah satu cara pemberantasan nyamuk yang paling sering digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan insektisida. Penggunaan insektisida kimiawi yang bertujuan untuk membunuh nyamuk dewasa juga menimbulkan permasalahan tersendiri yaitu timbulnya resistensi nyamuk dan efek toksik pada manusia. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan insektisida alternatif yang lebih aman terhadap lingkungan yang berasal dari tanaman. Salah satunya dengan menggunakan ekstrak buah Leunca (Solanum nigrum). Buah Leunca mengandung glikoalkaloid yang beracun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan ekstrak buah Leunca mempunyai potensi sebagai insektisida alami terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Anopheles aconitus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratoris dengan rancangan true experimental-post test only control group design. Sampel yang digunakan adalah nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80% dan nyamuk Anopheles aconitus dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 5%, 10%, 20% dan 40%. Dilakukan penyemprotan pada glass chamber kemudian diamati sampai 20 menit, setelah itu nyamuk dipindah ke dalam paper cup dan diamati selama 24 jam. Pengulangan dilakukan sebanyak empat kali. Uji yang digunakan adalah uji Oneway Anova dengan nilai p < 0,05 dan analisis probit.Hasil uji Oneway Anova diperoleh nilai signifikansi < 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak buah Leunca memiliki efek insektisida terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Anopheles aconitus. Hasil analisis probit nyamuk Aedes aegypti LC50 terletak antara 69,890% dan 156,417% dengan estimasi 91,128% dan LC90 terletak antara 337,934% dan 5842,532% dengan estimasi 785,398%, sedangkan nyamuk Anopheles aconitus LC50 terletak antara 19,809% dan 33,570%. dengan estimasi 24,767% dan LC90 terletak antara 96,540% dengan 450,875% dengan estimasi 169,046%. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa ekstrak buah Leunca (Solanum nigrum L.) memiliki efek insektisida terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan konsentrasi 80% dan Anopheles aconitus dengan konsentrasi 40%. ABSTRACTAedes aegypti and Anopheles aconitus are some of important vectors in Indonesian tropical disease such as yellow and malaria. One way to eradicate mosquitoes that most commonly used is to use insecticides. The use of chemical insecticides which isaimed to kill the adult mosquitous also poses its own problems thatis the emergence of mosquitoes resistance and toxic effects in humans.Therefore, there are alternative insecticides from plant required, which is environmentally friendly. One of them is the extract of Leunca (Solanum nigrum) as it contains poisonous fruits glycoalkaloids.This study aimedto prove that Leunca fruit extracts has potential as an insecticide against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles aconitus mosquitoes.This research is a laboratory experimental research with true experimental post test only control group design. The samples were Aedes...

<p>This study sheds light on the extent to which the medical law protects patients' rights from Physician-Induced Demand behavior. This study shows that the term of Physician-Induced Demand has not been recognized in health regulations. Meanwhile, some often fail to recall that medical law has protected patients’ right in the therapeutic transaction between doctor and patient through Act No. 29 of 2004; Minister of Health Regulations number 11 Year 2017; Act No. 44 of 2009, Civil Code and Act No. 36 of 2009. In order to reduce Physician-Induced Demand, establishing a guideline of good clinical practice, including the informed-consent guideline is urgently needed. Government should also control the quality and cost of healthcare providers as well as adequate payment system for physicians.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Physician-Induced Demand; Medical Law; Legal Protection of Patient.</p>

Interprofessional education (IPE) is a learning method that allows the clinical clerkship to study together, exchange knowledge, and develop the skill that is needed in interprofessional collaborative work practice. This article analyzed the elements within IPE including background, operational definition, goals and benefits, implementation, as well as competency in IPE. Furthermore, the role of IPE for medical students especially in pharmacology subject was discussed. In summary, interprofessional collaboration (IPC) is needed to answer the high demand and complexity of patient problems in minimizing medication errors due to low IPC. The IPE is an early step towards realizing IPC where each profession can understand each other’s roles and responsibilities to achieve comprehensive patient health.

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Lelaki Suka Lelaki (LSL) dan transgender merupakan sebagian dari kelompok yang beresiko tinggi mendapatkan HIV/AIDS. Meningkatnya morbiditas dan mortalitas kasus HIV/AIDS di Indonesia harus diimbangi dengan upaya pencegahan dan pengenalan dini faktor yang berkontribusi. Pengenalan kepribadian dan status kesehatan mental kelompok resiko tinggi sedini mungkin dapat mencegah timbulnya perjalanan penyakit atau gangguan yang lebih serius seperti depresi dan bunuh diri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tipe kepribadian dan status kesehatan mental pada kelompok risiko tinggi HIV/AIDS di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ngemplak I.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan kuesioner Woodworth-Eysenck Inventory sebagai alat pengambilan data. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2020 dengan teknik purposive sampling pada Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) komunitas resiko tinggi HIV/AIDS yang bekerjasama dengan Puskesmas Ngemplak I dalam program Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT).Hasil: Data yang didapatkan dari 20 responden menunjukkan bahwa 18 responden merupakan LSL dan 2 responden merupakan transgender dari lelaki menjadi perempuan. Data dari tes woodworth didapatkan 25% dari responden cenderung obsessive compulsive, 50% memiliki kecenderungan schizoid, 35% cenderung paranoid, 55% cenderung depresi, 35% cenderung impulsif, 55% cenderung memiliki ketidakstabilan emosi, dan 25% cenderung antisosial. Data dari tes eysenck menunjukkan bahwa 40% dari responden memiliki kecenderungan neurotik atau gangguan kecemasan dan 65% cenderung memiliki kepribadian introvert.Kesimpulan: Mayoritas tipe kepribadian dari komunitas LSL dan transgender adalah kepribadian introvert dan linier dengan kecenderungan depresi. Pengenalan tipe kepribadian dan status kesehatan mental sedini mungkin dapat bermanfaat untuk mencegah adanya perilaku yang beresiko tinggi terhadap suatu penyakit bahkan dapat mencegah terjadinya depresi berat hingga percobaan bunuh diri.