Mitochondria can be used as important biomarkers of pollutants on human health, and fine particulate matter (PM) has been documented to cause respiratory damage. However, current studies about the relationship between PM and mitochondria in respiratory tract are limited and warrant further detailed investigations. Hence, the study was aimed to evaluate effects of PM on mitochondrial structure, investigate the link between PM-induced mitochondrial disorder and respiratory damage, and delineate the possible mechanisms using both in vitro and in vivo models. PM exposure resulted in damage of mitochondrial structure, including mitochondrial dynamic, DNA biogenesis and morphological alteration 16HBE cells. Furthermore, PM elevated ROS formation. However, DPI and NAC (inhibitor of ROS) in supplement restored PM-induced mitochondrial disorder. PM also contributed to the 16HBE cells apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, the results coincided with the in vivo data which were obtained from bronchial tissues of SD rats exposed to PM for 30 days. Collectively, this study uncovers that PM leads to the disorder of mitochondrial structure via ROS generation, and then results in respiratory damage. It provides further understanding about the detrimental effect of PM on respiratory damage, and reveals a mechanistic basis for preventing outcomes in polluted environments.
A high capacity of laccase from Trametes versicolor capable of degrading pesticides has been revealed. The conditions for degrading of five selected pesticides including chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, pyrimethanil, atrazine and isoproturon with the purified laccases from Trametes versicolor were optimized. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the highest activity were pH at 5.0 and temperature at 25 °C. The best mediators were violuric acid for pyrimethanil and isoproturon, vanillin for chlorpyrifos, and acetosyringone and HBT for chlorothalonil and atrazine, respectively. The laccase was found to be stable at a pH range from 5.0 to 7.0 and temperature from 25 to 30 °C. It was observed that each pesticide required a different laccase mediator concentration typically between 4.0–6.0 mmol/L. In the experiment, the degradation rates of pyrimethanil and isoproturon were significantly faster than those of chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil and atrazine. For example, it was observed that pyrimethanil and isoproturon degraded up to nearly 100% after 24 hours while the other three pesticides just reached up 90% of degradation after 8 days of incubation.
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