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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a suitable framework of sustainable urbanization performance evaluation from the view of efficiency for mitigating the unbalance between the theoretical research of sustainable urbanization and the practical need of sustainable urbanization. Design/methodology/approach A slack-restricted slack-based measure data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and two sustainable urbanization benchmarking methods with individual and centralized view, respectively, are developed based upon the classical DEA theory. Findings The empirical results show that China is now suffering a relatively low level of sustainable urbanization. Too much waste water emission, too small an urban population proportion, and too much resource wastage are the major factors that drive China’s urbanization away from sustainability. Originality/value Having the overall aim of practical urbanization, the proposed framework can help stakeholders recognize different sustainable urbanization performance levels by offering them accurate sustainable urbanization performance scores. The framework can also direct governments to improve the sustainable urbanization performance. The empirical analysis of China’s provincial region sustainable urbanization performance with the proposed framework further demonstrates the theoretical and practical value of this research.

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TiB whisker (TiBw) and nitrogen (N) solid‐solution synergistic‐strengthened titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are prepared by in situ reaction of Ti–BN system via spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot extrusion. The effects of the in situ‐synthesized TiBw and N solid solution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TMCs are studied. Results show that TiBw is broken into several short fragments and distributed parallel to the extrusion direction after hot extrusion, whereas N atoms are all dissolved into the Ti matrix. The BN additive dispersion method and hot extrusion process can greatly eliminate TiBw aggregates and reduce the mean size of TiBw. Tensile test results reveal that the Ti with only 0.4 wt.% BN exhibits an exceptional ultimate tensile strength of 879 MPa and 16.6% elongation at room temperature. On this basis, the main strengthening mechanism of TiBw reinforcement and N solid solution at room and high temperature are studied based on the Hall–Petch equation, load transfer mechanism, and Labusch model.