This study is to investigate the difference in bovine fecal microbiota between grazing and feedlot Angus cattle. Fecal samples were collected from six Angus cattle grazed on grassland and six Angus cattle fed on a feedlot. The fecal bacterial community was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Sequencing of the V3–V4 region totally produced 1,113,170 effective tages that were computationally clustered into 775 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). These 775 OTUs were taxonomically assigned to bacterial 12 phyla, 19 classes, 25 orders, 54 families, 141 genera, and 145 species. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. There was similar species richness between grazing and feedlot Angus beef, while higher species diversity was observed in feedlot Angus beef. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia and Patescibacteria was significantly different between grazing and feedlot Angus beef (p < 0.05). At a genus level, five microbiotas were significantly different between the two groups and all belonged to the Firmicutes phylum. These significant differences in microbiota composition between grazing and feedlot Angus beef may have an impact on the meat quality of Angus beef.

Cattle-yak is an excellent hybrid of cattle and yak; they are characterized by better meat quality and stronger adaptability of harsh environments than their parents. However, male sterility of cattle-yak lay restraints on the transmission of heterosis. In this study, next generation sequence technology was performed to profile the testicular tissues transcriptome (lncRNA and mRNA) of cattle, yak, and cattle-yak. We analyzed the features and functions of significant differentially expressed genes among the three breeds. There are 9 DE lncRNAs and 46 DE mRNAs with comparisons of cattle, yak, and cattle-yak. Among them, the upregulated targeting genes, such as IGF1 and VGLL3 of cattle-yak lncRNA, may be related to the derangement of spermatocyte maturation and cell proliferation. Similarly, we found that the LDOC1 gene, which is related to the process of cellular apoptosis, is overexpressed in cattle-yak. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that the cattle-yak is lacking the regulation of fertilization (GO: 0009566), spermatogenesis process (GO: 0007283), male gamete generation process (GO: 0048232), sexual reproduction (GO: 0019953), and multi-organism reproductive process (GO: 0044703), such processes may play important and positive roles in spermatogenesis and fertilization. Furthermore, the KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs of cattle-yak most enriched in Apoptosis (ko04210) and Hippo signaling pathway (ko04390), may lead to excessively dead of cell and inhibit cell growth, resulting in obstruction of meiosis and spermatogenesis processes. This study will enable us to deeper understand the mechanism of male cattle-yak infertility.

Growth is a complex trait with moderate to high heritability in livestock and must be described by the longitudinal data measured over multiple time points. Therefore, the used phenotype in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of growth traits could be either the measures at the preselected time point or the fitted parameters of whole growth trajectory. A promising alternative approach was recently proposed that combined the fitting of growth curves and estimation of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects into single-step nonlinear mixed model (NMM). In this study, we collected the body weights at 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, and 84 days of age for 401 animals in a crossbred population of meat rabbits and compared five fitting models of growth curves (Logistic, Gompertz, Brody, Von Bertalanffy, and Richards). The logistic model was preferably selected and subjected to GWAS using the approach of single-step NMM, which was based on 87,704 genome-wide SNPs. A total of 45 significant SNPs distributed on five chromosomes were found to simultaneously affect the two growth parameters of mature weight (A) and maturity rate (K). However, no SNP was found to be independently associated with either A or K. Seven positional genes, including KCNIP4, GBA3, PPARGC1A, LDB2, SHISA3, GNA13, and FGF10, were suggested to be candidates affecting growth performances in meat rabbits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of GWAS based on single-step NMM for longitudinal traits in rabbits, which also revealed the genetic architecture of growth traits that are helpful in implementing genome selection.