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The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been a formidable global challenge. As yet, there are very few drugs to treat this infection and no vaccine is currently available. It has gradually become apparant that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not a simple disease involving a single organ; rather, many vital organs and systems are affected. The endothelium is one target of SARS-CoV-2. Damaged endothelial cells, which break away from organs and enter the bloodstream to form circulating endothelial cells, were recently reported as putative biomarkers for COVID-19. Modulation of the expression level of sphingosine-1 phosphate via sphingosine kinase activation can control endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. As such, it may be possible to obtain a sensitive and specific diagnosis of the severity of COVID-19 by assessing the absolute number and the viable/apoptotic ratio of circulating endothelial cells. Furthermore, a focus on the endothelium could help to develop a strategy for COVID-19 treatment from the perspective of endothelial protection and repair.

Malignancy, a significant disease in global society, has become the second largest cause of death in Americans and the leading cause of death for Chinese residents since 2010. 1,2 The incidence of malignant tumors has been increasing recently, although the survival rates of some common malignant tumors have also been increasing yearly. However, a great number of these survivors are at long-term risk of subsequent primary malignancies (SPMs), and the increased incidence of SPM is a wellknown late effect of tumors, thereby raising research hotspots in the risk factors, pathogenesis, and prognostic factors of multiple primary malignancies (MPMs). 3 New

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