We report the synthesis and optimization of metal (Mn, Fe and Al) doped NASICON type Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 by solid-state reaction method. Among the metal doping, 0.02 mol concentration of Al is found better performing electrode while approaching the removal of three moles of lithium between 3-4.8 V vs. Li. Adipic acid with various concentrations is used to generate in-situ carbon layer over the 0.02 mol Al doped Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 particulates (Li 3 V 1.98 Al 0.02 (PO 4 ) 3 ). Presence of carbon on the surface of particulates is confirmed by TEM and Raman analysis. Half-cell Li/C-Li 3 V 1.98 Al 0.02 (PO 4 ) 3 (0.15 mol of adipic acid) exhibited the highest reversible capacity of ∼182 mAh g −1 (2.77 moles of lithium) at a current density of 0.1 mA cm −2 compared to rest of the adipic acid concentrations. Further, the cell retained 83% of capacity after 50 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles at ambient conditions. Li-insertion/extraction mechanism and improvement in electronic conductivity profiles are validated through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively.

The present work focuses on the synthesis of lithium ionic conductors based on a Li2S-Al2S3-GeS-P2S5 system due to the high ionic conductivity exhibited by the constituents of this system. Mechanical milling for a short duration and a single step heat treatment at a moderate temperature of 550 °C resulted in crystalline powders with high lithium ionic conductivity at room temperature that are comparable to the organic liquid electrolytes. The effect of various aluminum to germanium ratios was studied. Among the samples containing Al : Ge, the ratio of 30 : 70 was found to show high ionic conductivities of 1.7 × 10(-3) S cm(-1) at 25 °C and ∼ 6 × 10(-3) S cm(-1) at 100 °C equivalent. The activation energy of this material was significantly less (Ea = 17 kJ mol(-1)), which can be considered to be the best value among solid electrolytes. The electrochemical stability was analyzed using cyclic voltammetry between -0.3 and 5.0 V and it was found that the voltammetric profile was smooth without any additional current response, due to electrolyte decomposition, or any other side reaction, except a pair of lithium deposition and stripping peaks.

Recently standards essential patent (SEP) is key issue in the global information and communication technology (ICT) market and also standards setting organizations (SSOs). In this context, we briefly survey recent litigation case regarding SEP and related discussion in the ITU-T. After that, we analyze SEP trend in the IEEE-SA (Standards Association) based on IEEE-SA records of IEEE standards-related patent letters of assurance (LOA) as a case study. Based on the analysis result, we examine each country's SEP position developed in this paper which indicates the degree of a country's standardization activity linked to patents. Finally, we will seek standardization strategy coping with the rapidly changing environment.

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