Adipokines are currently widely studied cellular signaling proteins produced by adipose tissue and involved in various processes, including inflammation; energy and appetite modulation; lipid and glucose metabolism; insulin sensitivity; endothelial cell functioning; angiogenesis; the regulation of blood pressure; and hemostasis. The current review attempted to highlight the key functions of adipokines in the inflammatory mechanisms of obesity, its complications, and its associated diseases. An extensive search for materials on the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of obesity was conducted online using the PubMed and Scopus databases until October 2022.

The issue of vitamin deficiency persists to be a major health issue worldwide despite the advancements in medicine. At the same time, the effect of marginal vitamin deficiency status on physiological processes is proven. However, general methods such as immune-enzyme and fluorescence analysis, microbiological assays, for example, have limitations in vitamin status assessment and are not able to reliably reflect personal vitamin demand. The potential usefulness of modern metabolomics methods in vitamin status assessment is described in this review. These methods can be used for vitamin metabolites detection as well as for comprehensive metabolic phenotyping that makes them even more valuable.

Regular physical activity significantly affects lipid status. In this literature review, the specific features of athletes blood lipid profiles were analysed. Professional athletes blood lipid status was found considerably preferable compared to sex- and age-matched sedentary population. Regardless of endurance or power type of sports activities, athletes perform lower levels of TC, LDL-C and TG and comparable or higher blood levels of HDL-C. The differences in blood lipids levels and sports disciplines were introduced. Although there are much more factors as diet, place of origin, training regime, and even genetic predisposition that should be taken into consideration for future research.

Aim. To analyze the effectiveness of the main and low - calorie standard diets in elderly and senile patients with comorbidities against obesity. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of the inpatient data. Patients received the main or low - calorie standard diet at the Nutrition clinic. The analysis included clinical, laboratory, body composition (bioimpedance) parameters and the results of indirect calorimetry. The primary endpoint was anthropometric and body composition data. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0 for Windows 6.1 (StatSoft Inc., USA). Results and discussion. 46 patients were included in the analysis. The average age was 65 years (95% CI 63.63-66.37 years). All patients had abdominal obesity. 44 patients (97.78%) had hypertension, 32 (71.11%) - osteoarthrosis, 28 (60.87%) - dyslipidemia, 16 (35.56%) - diabetes mellitus; and сoronary artery disease was detected in 9 patients (20%). Diet therapy caused a statistically significant decrease in body weight, waist and hip circumferences, fat mass, lean mass, total body fluid and muscle mass (in particular, 25.35% weight loss was due to muscle mass loss), as well as the improvement of lipid profile. Conclusion. Dietary interventions, such as main and low - calorie standard diets, routinely used for inpatient settings allow us to reduce body weight and improve anthropometric parameters in elderly and senile obese patients with comorbidities, which is accompanied by positive changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism even in a short - term follow - up. However, the protein content for standard diets is insufficient for this target group and leads to the loss of both fat and muscle mass.

The role of nutrition in the development and progression of atherosclerosis is well known. The correction of diet in patients with dyslipidemia is important as an independent intervention (in the group of patients with low and, partially, moderate cardiovascular risk), and as an addition to drug therapy in patients with at higher risk of cardiovascular events. The current review describes the effect of modern methods of diet therapy, as well as the use of a number of nutraceutical agents in terms of evidence-based medicine.