No abstract

Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum is one of the most significant postharvest diseases of apples. Some microorganisms associated with the surface of ripening apples possess the ability to inhibit the growth of P. expansum. However, the existing literature about their colonization in the stages before ripening is not explored in depth. This study aims to characterize the antagonistic capacity of bacterial populations from five fruit development stages of 'Royal Gala' apples. The results have shown that the density of the bacterial populations decreases throughout the ripening stages of fruit (from 1.0 × 10 5 to 1.1 × 10 1 cfu/cm 2). A total of 25 bacterial morphotypes (corresponding to five genera identified by 16S RNA) were differentiated in which Bacillus stood out as a predominant genus. In the in vitro antagonism tests, 10 Bacillus strains (40%) inhibited the mycelial growth of P. expansum from 30.1% to 60.1%, while in fruit bioassays, the same strains reduced the fruit rot ranging from 12% to 66%. Moreover, the bacterial strains with antagonistic activity increased in the ripening fruit stage. B. subtilis subsp. spiziennii M24 obtained the highest antagonistic activity (66.9% of rot reduction). The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed that bacteria with antagonistic activity produce antifungal lipopeptides from iturin and fengycin families.

Actually, teacher’s practice is full of great challenges, especially if we talk about teaching at high school level. The context of both, student and teachers are basic elements to take into account during the process. The teacher must face a great diversity of students' imaginaries and practices regarding their education, their study habits and their actions inside and outside of the classroom. In addition to this, an extremely important element is technology; which facilitates the process and, at the same time, makes it too difficult. The objective of this article was to discuss how we could generate significant processes in the field of education in this context.

Botrytis cinerea causes postharvest fruit rot of an infinity of crops, the infective capacity is due to its physiological diversity that shown, even inside the same crop. For its control, the use of antagonistic microoganisms is emerging as a sustainable option. In the present work, 40 Botrytis isolates from three vineyards were characterized by their ability to infect grape fruit (Thomson Seedless), the results showed that all produced lesions diameters from 6.5 to 22.2 mm. Ten of these isolates that presented differences in terms of their virulence, were subject to in vitro antagonism test, using the yeasts Metschnikowia sp. NB9 and FLL17 (Kodamaea sp. FLL17 and the bacteria FR4B12 Bacillus sp. R4B12 from must and flower and fruit, respectively. The results showed that, on average, FRB412 had the highest inhibitory activity on the growth of Botrytis strains, exhibiting mycelial growth inhibition percentages from 51 to 81 %, followed by FLL17 (21 to 53 %) and NB9 (15 to 51 %). In conclusion, the three study strains have different ranges of biocontrol on Botrytis, whose application could reduce gray rot in grapes.

This article analyzed the epistemological validity of the term drive (trieb) in psychoanalysis by contrasting its supposed biological origin in Sigmund Freud's theory with recent genetic results. Culture, for Freud, appeared in a moment of human evolution when it became necessary for our ancestors to form alliances in order to face natural hazards. Therefore culture’s main purpose is to protect us from nature and to regulate social relationships. Consequently it is implied that drives formed part of human’s nature before culture existed and due to drive’s sacrifice that culture demands it’s possible to live in society. Given that drives, in Freud’s theory, are the source of psychic suffering and the resources used to defend against it are cultural, the way in which these are considered have repercussions on the basis of clinical interventions and the aims of psychoanalytical treatment. At present, genetics questions the idea that human nature cannot be modified by culture. In other words, epigenetic studies, assisted reproduction, cloning, among others, seriously query the idea of an unchangeable human nature.